
Class B&JLG_£a 
BnnkA 1 5 



Copyrights 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



ifffltarrfe ani ^Morgan's llatm Series 

EDITED FOR USE IN SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES 

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF 

EDWARD P. MORRIS, M.A., 

PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN YALE UNIVERSITY 

AND 
MORRIS H. MORGAN, PH.D., 

PROFESSOR OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY 



VOLUMES OF THE SERIES 

First Year Latin for English Speaking Beginners. George 

H. Browne, Browne and Nichols School, Cambridge. 
A School Latin Grammar. Morris H. Morgan, Harvard University. 

$1.00. 
A First Latin Writer. M. A. Abbott, Groton School. 
Connected Passages for Latin Prose Writing. Maurice W. 

Mather, Harvard University, and Arthur L. Wheeler, Bryn Mawr 

College. $1.00. 
Caesar. Episodes from the Gallic and Civil Wars. Maurice 

W. Mather, Harvard University. 
Cicero. Select Orations with Extracts from the Epistles to 

serve as Illustrations. J. Remsen Bishop, Walnut Hills High 

School, Cincinnati, and Frederick A. King, Hughes High School, 

Cincinnati. 

Selections from Latin Prose Authors for Sight Reading. 

Susan Braley Franklin and Ella Catherine Greene, Miss Baldwin's School, 

Bryn Mawr. 60 cents. 
Cicero. Cato Maior. Frank G. Moore, Dartmouth College. 
Cicero. Laelius de Amicitia. Clifton Price, University of California. 

75 cents. 
Selections from Livy. Harry E. Burton, Dartmouth College. 
Horace. Odes and Epodes. Clifford H. Moore, Harvard University. 

#1.50. 

Terence. Phormio and Adelphoe. Edward P. Morris, Yale Uni- 
versity. 
Pliny's Letters. Albert A. Howard, Harvard University. 
Tibullus. Kirby F. Smith, Johns Hopkins University. 
Lucretius. William A. Merrill, University of California. 

Latin Literature of the Empire. Alfred Gudeman, University of 
Pennsylvania. 

Vol. I. Prose: Velleius to Boethius $1.80 

Vol. II. Poetry: Pseudo-Vergiliana to Claudianus . . . . 1.80 

Selections from the Public and Private Law of the Romans. 
James J. Robinson, Yale University. 

Others to be announced later. 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



BY 
MATHER A: ABBOTT 

MASTER IN GROTON SCHOOL 



O O 1 o 



o^o* 



NEW YORK •:• CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 



-? 



' 



■v 



% 



K 



LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
Two Copies Received 
MAY 6 1904 
^ Copyright Entry 

CLASS cl. XXc. No. 

o\ r °) ' 
COPY B 



Copyright, 1904, by 
EDWARD P. MORRIS AND MORRIS H. MORGAN. 

Entered at Stationers' Hall, London. 



ABBOTT'S FIRST LATIN WRITER. 
W. P. I 



INTRODUCTION 

This book is not an exhaustive text-book on Latin com- 
position. It is intended for the use of beginners ; that is, 
for those who, having completed the study of some first- 
year Latin book, are in a position to take up the study of 
the manner in which a connected passage of English prose 
should be translated into Latin. 

In this book, therefore, the fundamental rules, and those 
only, have been dealt with; exceptions, unless of great 
importance, have been disregarded; phrases and con- 
structions of infrequent occurrence have been omitted. 

The reason why these omissions have been made is that 
the writer has found that if with a given rule too many 
exceptions have been included, his younger pupils' minds 
have had so much to assimilate that a general confusion 
has been the result. The fundamental rule has become so 
entangled with exceptions that it has often been lost sight 
of altogether. 

It is the intention of this book, therefore, to set forth 
in a simple way, which can be easily understood by the 
youngest pupil, those rules of Latin composition which 
are absolutely necessary to the grammatical rendering of 
English into Latin prose. 

The subject-matter of the compositions has been taken 
from the second book of Caesar's " Gallic War." The 
vocabularies and examples have been, for the most part, 
taken from that book. The reason for this selection is 

5 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

that this book of the " Gallic War " is used in most of our 
schools as the usual text-book for the beginning of second- 
year Latin. 

The book has been divided into three parts, and of these 
parts the first has been divided into thirteen lessons, the 
second into twelve, and the third into twelve; so that if 
one lesson is taught a week, the first part will correspond 
to the first term of the school year, the second to the 
second term, and the third to the third. 

As this book is intended for the use of those who have 
completed the study of some first-year Latin book, the 
pupil is supposed to have mastered the rules of Latin 
inflection and the primary rules of syntax, i.e. the four 
concords and the division of the sentence into main and 
subordinate clauses. But as some further practice may be 
required in these rules of syntax, an appendix has been 
added, in which these laws have been fully dealt with. 

The writer is under obligations to Dr. E. H. Higley of 
Groton School, who has kindly read the manuscript and 
has made many important suggestions. Gratitude is also 
due the editors of this series for criticism and assistance in 
the reading of the proof-sheets. 

M. A. A. 
Groton, Mass. 



CONTENTS 

PART I 
LESSON I 

PAGE 

Indirect Discourse. Main Clause. Present Tense . . . .11 

LESSON II 

Indirect Discourse. Main Clause. Perfect Tense .... 14 
Indirect Discourse. Subordinate Clause . . . . . 15 

Accusative of End of Motion 16 

LESSON III 

Indirect Discourse. Future Tense 19 

Accusative of Extent of Space . . . . . . . .19 

Ablative of Place and Separation ........ 20 

LESSON IV 

Complementary Infinitive 22 

Locative Case. Towns, etc., in Connection with End of Motion and 

Separation .... 23 

LESSON V 

Purpose Clauses 26 

Sequence of Tenses ... a ..... 27 

Ablative of Time When and Within Which ...... 28 

Accusative of Duration of Time ........ 28 

LESSON VI 

Relative Clauses of Purpose ......... 30 

Ablative of Means and Ablative of Agent . . . . . .31 

LESSON VII 

Purpose Clauses with Gerund and Gerundive ^ 

Ablative of Manner . . . 33 

7 



CONTENTS 
LESSON VIII 

PAGE 

Substantive Clauses of Purpose 35 

Verbs of Asking 38 

LESSON IX 

Clauses of Result 40 

Ablative of Accompaniment * . .41 

LESSON X 

Substantive Clauses of Result 43 

Ablative of Cause 44 

LESSON XI 

Remarks on Purpose and Result . . . . . . . .46 

Genitive and Ablative of Description 46 

LESSON XII 
Review of First Four Lessons 48 

LESSON XIII 
Review of Last Seven Lessons .50 

PART II 

LESSON XIV 
Conditional Sentences. Present, Past, and Future . . . 53 

LESSON XV 
Conditional Sentences. Contrary to Fact . . . . ' . 56 

LESSON XVI 
Conditional Sentences. Present, Past, and Future in Indirect Discourse 59 

LESSON XVII 
Conditional Sentences. Contrary to Fact in Indirect Discourse . . 62 

LESSON XVIII 
Temporal Clauses 66 

8 



CONTENTS 
LESSON XIX 

PAGE 

Causal Clauses ........... 70 

Ablative of Comparison and Comparatives with Quam . . . 71 

LESSON XX 

Clauses of Concession .......... 74 

Ablative of Degree of Difference 75 

LESSON XXI 
Ablative Absolute 77 

LESSON XXII 

Clauses of Characteristic . . . . . . . . .81 

Ablative of Specification, Ablative after Vtor, etc 81 

LESSON XXIII 
The Accusative and Ablative classified 84 

LESSON XXIV 
Review of Lessons XIV to XVII inclusive . . . . . 87 

LESSON XXV 
Review of Lessons XVIII to XXIII inclusive 88 

PART III 

LESSON XXVI 
Independent Subjunctives. Hortatory. Optative .... 90 

LESSON XXVII 
Imperative. Commands and Prohibitions 93 

LESSON XXVIII 
Direct Questions. Dative of Possession ...... 96 

LESSON XXIX 

Indirect Questions 98 

Partitive Genitive 99 

9 



CONTENTS 
LESSON XXX 

PAGE 

Periphrastic Conjugations . . 101 

Dative of Agent 102 

LESSON XXXI 
Participles and Gerund 104 

LESSON XXXII 
Some uses of Present and Imperfect Tenses 107 

LESSON XXXIII 
Uses of the Genitive 109 

LESSON XXXIV 
Uses of the Dative . . . . . . . . . . .112 

LESSON XXXV 
Review of Lessons XXVI to XXIX inclusive . . . . .116 

LESSON XXXVI 
Review of Lessons XXX to XXXIV inclusive . . . . 117 

LESSON XXXVII 
Harvard Examination. Entrance, 1894 . '. . . . .119 

APPENDIX 

I. Main and Subordinate Clauses. The First Concord . . .119 

II. The Second and Third Concords . . . . . . .123 

III. The Fourth Concord. Rules of Order . . . . . . 126 

Vocabulary 129 



IO 



PART I 

LESSON I 

Indirect Discourse : Main Clause, Present Tense 

The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case, 
but in what case is the subject of the infinitive ? 

i. The subject of the infinitive is put in the accusative 
case. Never use the nominative. 

When is the Infinitive with Subject Accusative construc- 
tion used ? 

2. The Infinitive with Subject Accusative construction 
is used after verbs of — 

(i) saying and telling, dico, nuntio, certiorem facio, etc. 

(2) knowing, scio, cognosc5, etc. 

(3) thinking and hearing, puto, existimo, arbitror, audio, etc. 

(4) perceiving, sentio, comperio, reperio, video, etc. 

3. Therefore the Infinitive with Subject Accusative con- 
struction is a subordinate clause used as the object of 
verbs of saying, telling, knowing, thinking, hearing, and 
perceiving. 

Now, because after such verbs the words of the writer 
or speaker are not given exactly as he said them {i.e. direct 
discourse), but are quoted indirectly, the construction after 
these verbs is called Indirect Discourse ; and, as we have 

11 



§§ 4-5] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

seen that the infinitive with subject accusative follows 
these verbs, the Infinitive with Subject Accusative con- 
struction is used for the main clause of indirect discourse. 

How is it determined which tense of the infinitive to use 
in the main clause of indirect discourse? 

4. If the time to be indicated is present, or if repeated 
action in past time is to be denoted by the main clause of 
indirect discourse, the present tense of the infinitive must 
be used. 

EXAMPLES 

The ambassadors say that the Belgians are under arms. 
LegatI dicunt Belgas in armis esse. 

Introducing verb of saying, dicunt. 

Indirect discourse, that the Belgians are tinder arms. 

Subject accusative, Belgas. 

Verb infinitive, esse. 

5. The word that, which usually follows the verb of 
saying, etc., in English, must never be translated into 
Latin. 

In the following examples point out the introducing 
verb, the subject, and main verb of indirect discourse : 

1. All these annottnced that bands of men were being col- 
lected, atid that the army was being brought together into 
one place. 

Hi omnes nuntiaverunt manus cogi, exercitum in unum 
locum conducl. 

2. He heard that the Bellovaci were the most powerful 
among them. 

Audivit plurimum inter eos Bellovacos valere. 

12 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 6-7 

3. He found out that the Sicessiones were their neighbors, 
Reperiebat Suessiones suos esse finitimos. 

4. The ambassadors said that nozv Galba ivas king. 
Legati dicebant nunc esse Galbam regem. 

6. VOCABULARY 

Note. — In the lesson vocabularies only the most important words 
are given ; for the words used in the compositions which are not found 
in the lesson vocabularies, reference must be made to the vocabulary at 
the end of the book. 

VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 

Be able, can, possum, posse, potui Also, etiam (adv.). 

— foil, by complementary in- Army, exercitus, -us (m.). 

finitive. Deed, factum, -1 (n.). 

Alar 771, commoveo, 2, commovi, Concerning, about, de (prep, with 

commotus. abl.). 

Assert, confirmo, 1 . Ha7id, band of men, manus, -us (f.) . 

Drive together, collect, cogo, 3, Legion, legio, -onis (f.). 

coegi, coactus. Neighbors, finitimi, -orum (m.). 

I7ite7id, have i7i 77ii7id, in animo 07ie, iinus, -a, -um (adj.). 

habeo, 2. Place, locus, -1 (m.), plural neuter. 

Know, cognosco, 3, cogn5vi, cog- Tribe, gens, gentis (f.). 

nitus. 
Bring, bri7ig together, condiico, 3, 

conduxi, conductus. 
Say, dico, 3, dixi, dictus. 
Set out, proficiscor, 3, profectus 

sum. 

COMPOSITION 

7. The Senones said that they were the neighbors 2 of 
the Belgae, that therefore they 2 knew about the deeds of 
this tribe and were able to 3 inform Caesar concerning them. 
They said also that this nation was collecting bands of men 
and was bringing its army 4 into one place. Caesar, how- 
ever, asserts that he is not alarmed 5 by these reports, that 

13 



§§ 8-10] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

he has six legions with him, and that he intends to set out 
with these men 6 for the territories of the Belgae. 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

i. Of the Belgae, dative with finitimos. 

2. To kiiow about, cognoscere de, followed by ablative. 

3. To inform, certiorem facere, complementary infinitive after posse. 25. 

4. Into one place, in unum locum. In with accusative. 12. 

5. By these reports, ablative of means. 45. 

6. For, ad, followed by accusative. 



LESSON II 

Indirect Discourse: Main Clause, Perfect Tense. 
Indirect Discourse : Subordinate Clause. Accusa- 
tive of End of Motion 

8. We have seen that, if present time or repeated action 
in past time is to be denoted by the main clause of indirect 
discourse, the present tense of the infinitive must be used ; 
but if past time is to be denoted, the perfect infinitive must 
be used : 

They say that Diviciacus has been king. 

Or, They said that Diviciacus had been king. 

Dicunt (or) Dixerunt Diviciacum fuisse regem. 

9. We have seen that the accusative and infinitive con- 
struction is used for the main clause of indirect discourse ; 
but if there is a subordinate clause, depending on this 
main clause, in what mood will the verb of this subordinate 
clause be ? 

10. The verb of a subordinate clause in indirect dis- 
course must be put into the subjunctive and therefore, of 
course, its subject must be in the nominative case : 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§ u 

They said that Diviciacus, who had been the most power- 
ful man in all Ga?d y had been king. 

Dixerunt Diviciacum, qui potentissimus totlus Galliae fu- 
isset, regem fuisse. 

How is it known which tense of the Subjunctive to use 
in subordinate clauses of indirect discourse ? 

ii. The tense of the subordinate verb in indirect dis- 
course is determined usually by reference to the intro- 
ducing verb of saying, etc. 

That is : 

If the introducing verb is primary, i.e. present, future, 
future perfect, or perfect subjunctive, the tense of the 
subordinate verb will be primary, i.e. — 

Present subjunctive for present time, 
Perfect subjunctive for past time. 

but: 

If the introducing verb is secondary, i.e. imperfect, 
perfect indicative, or pluperfect, then the tense of the 
subordinate verb will be secondary, i.e. — 

Imperfect tense subjunctive for present or repeated 
action, 

Pluperfect tense subjunctive for past time. 

Exception : 

But if the verb of the main clause of indirect dis- 
course is in the perfect infinitive, then the introducing, 
verb is usually disregarded and the imperfect or pluper- 
fect subjunctive is used for the verb of the subordinate 
clause. 

IS 



§§ 12-13] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

EXAMPLES 

He says that Caesar, who has conquered the Gauls, is 
consiiL 



Dicit Caesarem, qui Gallos superaverit, consulem esse. 

He says that Caesar, who has conquered the Gauls, has 
been consul. 



Dicit Caesarem, qui Gallos superavisset, consulem fuisse. 

He said that Caesar, who ivas conquering the Gauls, was 
consul. 



Dixit Caesarem, qui Gallos superaret, consulem esse. 

He said that Caesar, who was conquering the Gauls, would 
be consul 



Dixit Caesarem, qui Gallos superaret, consulem futurum 
esse. 

12. The Place to Which some one or something moves 
is put into the accusative and is preceded by the preposi- 
tion in, into, or ad, to : 

The army has been brougJit together into one place. 
Exercitus in unum locum conductus est. 

Note. — This is called the Accusative of End of Motion. 
EXAMPLES 

13. In the following sentences point out the main and 
subordinate clauses of indirect discourse, and account for 
all tenses and all accusatives. 

16 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§ 13 

1. Diviciacus says that the Bellovaci have always been 
under the protection of the Haeduait state. 

Diviciacus dicit Bellovacos omni tempore in fide civitatis 
Haeduae fuisse. 

2. When they knew that the hope of taking the town had 
failed them. 

Vbi intellexerunt spem de expugnando oppido sefefellisse. 

3. He found out that the women and those who seemed 
useless for fighting had been thrown together into a place y 
whither on account of swamps the army had no access. 

Reperiebat mulieres quique ad pugnam inutiles viderentur 
in eum locum coniectos esse, quo propter paludes exercitui 
aditus non esset. 

4. He says that those who had been the leaders of this 
plan have fled into Britain. 

Dicit eos qui eius consili principes fuissent, in Britanniam 
profugisse. 

5. He said that he would do that which he had done in 
the case of the Nervii. 

Dixit se id quod in Nerviis fecisset facturum esse. 

6. He says that unless help is sent to him, he is not able 
to hold out longer. 

Dicit, nisi subsidium sibi submittatur, sese diutius sus- 
tinere non posse. 



FIRST LATIN WRITER — 2 I 7 



§§ I4-I5] 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



14. VOCABULARY 



VERBS 



Conspire, coniuro, 1. 
Demand, postulo, 1. 

Dwell, incolo, 3, incolui, . 

Give, do, 1, dedl, datus. 

Join, coniungo, 3, coniunxl, con- 

iunctus. 
Prepare, paro, 1. 
Ready, prepared, paratus, -a, -urn 

(p. p. of paro used as adj.). 
Receive, recipio, 3, recepl, receptus. 
Revolt, deficio, 3, defecl, defectus. 
Surrender, hand over, permitto, 

3, permlsi, permissus. 



Use, utor, 3, usus sum, followed 
by ablative. 

NOUNS, ETC. 

Against, contra (adv.). 
Ambassador, legatus, -1 (m.). 
Hostage, obses, obsidis (c). 
Magistracy, magistrates, -us (m.). 
Relation, consanguineus, -i (m.). 
Rest of, remaining, reliquus, -a, 

um (adj.). 
To, ad (prep, with ace). 



COMPOSITION 

15. The Remi sent ambassadors to Caesar, These men 
told him that the Remi surrendered 1 themselves and 2 all 
their possessions to him ; that they had not conspired 
with the rest of the Belgae, who had revolted, but were 
ready to give the hostages, which he had demanded, and 
to receive him into their towns. They say, also, that the 
Germans, who dwell on the other side of the Rhine, are 
2 under arms, and have joined 3 themselves to the Belgae; 
that the Suessiones, their relations, who used the 4 same- 
laws and had the same magistracy 5 with them, have also 
conspired against the Roman people. 



PHRASES, NOTES, ETC. 

i. Themselves and all their possessions, se suaque omnia. 

2. To be ujider arms, in armis esse. 

3. To join to, conjungere cum, with the ablative. 
4- Vtor with the ablative. See 156. 

5 . With them, cum ipsis. 

18 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER. [§§ 16-19 

LESSON III 

Indirect Discourse : Future Tense. Accusative of 
Extent of Space. Ablative of Place where and 
Place from which 

16. We have seen that, in the main clause of indirect 
discourse, the present infinitive is used for present time or 
repeated action in past time, and the perfect for past time ; 
but when is the future infinitive used ? 

17. The future infinitive must be used in the main clause 
of indirect discourse, when future time, or completed action 
in future time, is to be indicated : 

Caesar said that he would preserve them. 
Caesar dixit se eos conservaturum esse. 

Caution. — Do not forget in using the future participle that its 
ending -urus must agree with its subject. 

18. After verbs denoting to hope or promise the future 
infinitive of indirect discourse is used : 

He hopes to conquer the Gauls. 
Sperat se Gallos superaturum esse. 

They promise to obey. 
Pollicentur se parituros esse. 

19. The Extent of Space is denoted by the accusative 
without a preposition : 

He is many miles away. 
Multa milia passuum abest. 

19 



§§ 20-22] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

20. But the Place Where an action takes place is put 
into the ablative and is preceded by the preposition in, in. 

Note. — This preposition in may be left out if the noun of place is 
qualified by an adjective : 

Power of standing on the wall, in muro consistendi potestas. 
But, To surround the legions on the often flank, aperto latere legiones 
circumvenire. 

And: 

21. The Place From Which an action starts is denoted 
by the ablative with the preposition a or ab or ex : 

The enemy ran from the camp to the river. 
Hostes ad flumen ex castris cucurrerunt. 

They ran down from the higher position. 
Ex loco superiore decucurrerunt. 

Note. — This is sometimes called the ablative of separation. 
EXAMPLES 

22. In the following sentences point out the main and 
subordinate clauses of indirect discourse. Account for all 
the accusatives and ablatives. 

1. They say that they will neither send ambassadors nor 
accept any condition of peace. 

Confirmant sese neque legatos missuros, neque ullam con- 
dicionem pads accepturos esse. 

2. He says that, if he did this, he would increase the 
influence of the Haedui amongst all the Belgae. 

Dicit, si hoc fecerit, Haeduorum auctoritatem apud omnis 
Belgas se amplificaturum. 

20 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 23-24 

3. The town of the Remi was eight miles away from this 
camp. 

Ab his castris oppidum Remorum aberat milia passuum 
octo. 

> 4. He fottnd out from captives that the river Sabis was 
distant from his camp ten miles, no more. 

Inveniebat ex captivis Sabim flumen a castris suis non 
amplius milia passuum decern abesse. 

5. On the river was a bridge. 
In flumine pons erat. 

23. VOCABULARY 

Verbs Hope, spero, 1. 

Arise, be sprung from, orior, 4, Lead to, bring, adduco, 3. 

ortus sum. Promise^ polliceor, 2, pollicitus 
Come, venio, 4, venl, ventus. sum - 

Cross, transeo, transire, transii, 

transitus. nouns, etc. 

Divide, divido, 3, divisl, divisus. Each, uterque, utraque, utrumque. 

Enroll, eiilist, levy, conscribo, 3, Supplies, forces, copiae, -arum (f.). 

conscripsi, conscriptus. Territories, fines, -um (a). 

Find out, reperio, 3, repperi, reper- War, bellum, -1 (n.) . 

tus. 

COMPOSITION 

24. The Remi said that they would tell Caesar a al] 
about the Belgae. 

Therefore Caesar found out that the Belgae had not 
always been in Gaul, but that they were descended from 
those Germans who, 2 a long time ago, had crossed the 
Rhine and had come from Germany into Gaul. 

He found out, also, that the Belgae were divided into 
many tribes, who lived at a great distance from each other, 
but that 3 each of these tribes would bring many men to 

21 



§§ 25-26] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

this war; that the Nervii had promised that they would 
bring fifty thousand from their soldiers, the Morini would 
send twenty-five thousand, and the Aduatuci, who were 
many miles away, would enroll twenty-nine thousand in 
their territories ; that the Belgae hoped to bring all these 
forces together 4 within twenty days. 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

1. All about, omnia de followed by ablative. 

2. A long time ago, antiquitus, adverb. 

3. Each of these tribes, each tribe. 

4. Within twenty days, viginti diebus. 



LESSON IV 

Complementary Infinitive. Locative Case.- End of 
Motion and Separation in Connection with Names 
of Towns, etc. 

What is meant by Complementary Infinitive ? 

25. When the action of the subject is not complete by 
the use of one verb, another verb is added in the infinitive 
mood to complete the meaning of the first : 

He is able to the camp, incomplete. 

He is able to go to the camp, complete. 

Ad castra ire potest. 

Note. — The present tense of the infinitive is usually used for the 
Complementary Infinitive. 

What sort of verbs require a Complementary Infinitive ? 

26. The verbs of most frequent occurrence that take a 
Complementary Infinitive are — 

22 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 27-29 

attempt, try, conor, -ari, -atus sum. 

be able, possum, posse, potui. 

be accustomed, soleo (2), solitus sum (semi-deponent). 

begin, coepi, coepisse (defective). 

continue, pergo (3), perrexi, perrectus. 

dare, audeo, audere, ausus sum (semi-deponent). 

hesitate, dubito (1). cf. dubito, to doubt (Lesson X). 

27. Note. — The infinitive is used with interest and other imper- 
sonal phrases, and appears to be complementary, but with an impersonal 
phrase the infinitive is subject : 

It is to my interest to do this, i.e. to do this is my interest, interest 
mea hoc facere. 

Here hoc facere is subject of interest. 

Other impersonals which take infinitive as subject are — 

Libet, it pleases. Oportet, it behooves. 

Licet, it is allowed. Opus est, there is need. 

Necesse est, it is necessary. Placet, it pleases. 

Visum est, it seemed good. 

28. Names of towns and small islands, domus, and rus, 
never take a preposition when they are in the accusative 
of End of Motion or ablative of Separation : 

He went from home to Rome. Domo Romam iit. 

But: — 

When Place Where is to be denoted by the name of a 
town or small island, domus, or rus, these words have a 
case of their own which is called — 



THE LOCATIVE CASE 

29. In nouns of first and second declension the locative 
has the same form as the genitive in the singular, and the 
ablative in and plural as : 

23 



§ 30] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

In Rome, Romae. In Athens, Athenis. At home, domi. 
At Philippi, Philippls. 

In nouns of the third declension it has the same form as 
the dative or the ablative in both singular and plural : 

In the country, run or rure. At Cures, Curibus. 

EXAMPLES 

30. In the following sentences point out the comple- 
mentary and subject infinitives, the nouns of place where, 
to which, and from which : 

1. He said that he was not able to hold out longer. 
Dixit sese diutius sustinere non posse. 

2. They began to fortify the camp. 
Coeperunt castra munire. 

3. They dared to cross a very broad river, to climb very 
high banks, and to enter tipon an tmfavorable position. 

Transire latissimum flumen, ascendere altissimas ripas, 
sublre iniquissimum locum ausi sunt. 

4. He came out of the country to his home in Rome and 
then went to Philippi. 

Rure domum Romae venit et turn Philippos profectus est. 

5. He shows Diviciacus how much it was to the interest 
of the common safety for the bands of the enemy to be kept 
apart. 

Docet Diviciacum quanto opere communis salutis intersit 
manus hostium distineri. 

6. It seemed good to him to do this. 

Hoc facere el visum erat. 

24 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 31-32 

31. VOCABULARY 

verbs Reach, advenio, 4, adveni, adven- 

Answer, respondeo, 3, respond!, tus - 

responsum. Seem best, videtur, 2, visum est. 

Become, to be done, fio, fieri, factus Summon, send for, arcesso, 3, ar- 

sum. cessivi, arcessitus. 
Hear, audio, 4. 

Keep apart, distineo, 2, distinui, nouns, etc. 

distentus. Camp, castra, -5rum (n.). 

Lead, diico, 3. Enemy, hostes, hostis (c). 

Lay waste, vasto, 1. Home, house, domus, -us (f.). 

Make a journey, ?narch, iter facio, Space of three days, triduum,-i(n.). 

3, feci, factus. 

COMPOSITION 

32. Caesar summoned Diviciacus. But this man was at 
Bratuspantium in the country. However, he heard that 
Caesar had sent for him, and therefore it seemed best to 
him to set out from Bratuspantium and to go to Caesar's 
camp. He did not dare to march quickly through an 
enemy's country, but nevertheless was able to reach Cae- 
sar's camp x in the space of three days. Caesar, 2 on his 
arrival, told him that it was of interest 3 to the common 
safety for the bands of the enemy to be kept apart. Divi- 
ciacus answered that he was able to keep them apart ; that 
he would lead his forces into the territories of the Bello- 
vaci, and would thus be able to lay waste their land. It 
pleased Caesar, therefore, to 4 make him liberal promises 
and to send him to his home. 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

1. Ablative of time within which. See 37. 

2. Adventu eius, ablative of time when : 37. 

3. Interest is followed by the genitive, but instead of the genitive of 
a personal pronoun the ablative feminine singular of the corresponding 
possessive pronoun must be used : 

25 



§§ 33-34] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

// is to Caesars interest. Interest Caesaris, 
but: 

It is to my interest. Interest mea. 

4. To make liberal promises. Liberaliter polliceri. 

Note. — Review Lesson XII may be studied here. 

LESSON V 

Purpose Clauses with vt and ne. Sequence of 
Tenses. Ablative of Time 

What is a purpose clause? 

33. A purpose clause is a subordinate clause which shows 
the design or purpose of the clause on which it depends : 

Our men were ready under arms to attack them, 
Nostri ut eos adgrederentur, parati in armis erant. 

How is a purpose clause expressed in Latin ? 

34. There are several ways of expressing purpose in 
Latin, but by far the most usual is by the use of ut (mean- 
ing that, in order that) or negative ne (meaning lest, in 
order that not or that not) and the subjunctive mood : 

He went into the Province in order that he might levy 
troops. 

In Provinciam iit ut copias conscriberet. 

He destroyed the bridge in order that the enemy might not 
cross. 

Pontem interscidit ne hostes transirent. 

Note. — English frequently makes use of the infinitive to denote 
purpose; for instance, in the first of these sentences, the English 
rendering would be, He went into the Province to levy troops. 

26 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 35-36 

This to levy means 'in order that he might levy.' Great care must 
therefore be taken in translating an English infinitive into Latin. 



What tense of the subjunctive is used in a purpose 
clause ? 

35. The tense of the subjunctive which must be used in 
a purpose clause depends upon the rules for Sequence of 
Tenses, which rules apply to all dependent subjunctive 
clauses and are as follows : 

SEQUENCE OF TENSES 

Primary tenses of the indicative are followed by primary tenses of 
the subjunctive. 

Secondary tenses of the indicative are followed by secondary tenses 
of the subjunctive. 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE 

f (present time or 
Present ( Present \ repeated action in 

Future \ Primary are followed by -j 1 past time). 

Future perfect J I Perfect (past time) . 

mperjec 1 , , f Imperfect (repeated action). 

Perfect \ Secondary are followed by \ n1 . j. ., , . ^ / 

^ 7 J J J Pluperfect (complete time). 

Pluperfect J k r J v 

What is the effect of indirect discourse upon a purpose 

clause ? 

36. A purpose clause, being a subordinate clause in the 
subjunctive, suffers no change in indirect discourse, unless 
the tense is affected by the sequence taken from the 
introducing verb. Cf. n. 

He said that he would go to the Province to levy troops. 

Dixit se ad Provinciam iturum esse ut copias conscriberet. 

27 



§f 37-39] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

37. The noun which denotes the Time When or Within 
Which an action takes place is put into the ablative: 

He came to the camp at night. Nocte ad castra iit. 
He reached the camp within twenty days. Ad castra 
viginti diebus advenit. 

But: 

38. Duration of Time is expressed by the accusative : 
They fought for four days. Quattuor dies pugnabant. 

EXAMPLES 

39. In the following sentences point out the purpose 
clause, give reason for the tense of the subjunctive in each 
sentence, and account for all accusatives and ablatives. 

1 . He destroys the bridge that the enemy may not cross. 
Pontem interscindit ne hostes transeant. 

2. He said that he destroyed the bridge that the enemy 
might not cross. 

Dixit se, ne hostes transirent, pontem interscidisse. 

3. The horsemen, moreover, to wipe out the disgrace of 
their flight, fought most bravely. 

Equites vero, ut turpitudinem fugae delerent, fortissime 
pugnabant. 

4. They tried to cross the river that they might capture 
the fortress and destroy the bridge. 

Flumen transire conati sunt ut castellum expugnarent 
pontemque interscinderent. 

5. On his arrival they fled. Adventu eius fugerunt. 

28 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 40-41 

6. They fought for a whole day. Totum diem pugnabant. 

7. They ivere harassed for many years. 
Multos annos exagitati sunt. 

40. VOCABULARY 
VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 

Attack, oppugno, 1 (of a town) ; Day, dies, diei(m.). 

adgredior, adgredi, adgressus First, primus. -a, -um (adj.). 

sum. Help, auxilium, -1 (n.). 

Capture, take by storm, expugno, 1. Middle of, medius, -a, -um (adj.). 

Hold out, withstand, sustinea, 2, Near, ad, with ace. 

sustinui, sustentus. Night, nox, noctis (f.). 

Obtain, pario, 3, peperi, partus. Townsman, oppidanus, -1 (c.)« 
Pitch camp, castra pono, 3, posui, 

positus. 

COMPOSITION 

41. The Belgae, in order 1 that they might capture Bi- 
brax, pitched camp near this town and attacked it 2 with 
great fury. 

The townsmen, however, fought most bravely in order 
1 that the town might not be taken by storm ; and held out 
for the first day. But in the night Iccius, their general, 
sent a messenger to Caesar. On his arrival the messenger 
says to Caesar 1 that he has come to obtain help. Caesar 
replies 1 that he will send help in the middle of the night 
in order x that Bibrax may not be captured ; but 2 that 
he shall demand six hundred hostages in order 1 that Iccius 
may not conspire against him. 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

i . Caution. — The that of English indirect discourse is never ex- 
pressed in Latin, the that of purpose is always expressed. Beware of 
these thats. 

2. With great fury, magno impetu, ablative of manner. 52. 

29 



§§ 42-44] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

LESSON VI 

Relative Clauses of Purpose. Ablative of Means. 
Ablative of Agent 

What is a relative clause of purpose ? 

42. A relative clause of purpose is a purpose clause 
which is introduced by the relative pronoun qui, quae, 
quod, who, which, what, or by the relative adverb quo. 
These relatives take the place of ut : 

He sent soldiers to destroy the bridge. 
Milites, qui pontem interscinderent, misit. 

43. The relative adverb quo is used only when there is 
a comparative in the purpose clause : 

They made a hedge in order that they might the more 
easily hinder the cavalry of tlieir neighbors. 

Saepem fecerunt quo facilius finitimorum equitatum im- 
pedirent 

How is it known when to use qui and when to use ut ? 

44. Qui is of infrequent occurrence and ut is never 
grammatically wrong. But a good rule is : 

Use qui instead of ut when the object of the main clause 
is the same person or thing as the subject of the purpose 
clause : 

He sent ambassadors to say, etc. 

Legatos misit qui dicerent, etc. 

Note. — This rule is not true of substantive clauses of purpose, see 
Lesson VIII. 

30 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [_§§ 45-47 

45. The ablative is used without a preposition to denote 
the Means or Instrument of an action : 

They killed a great number of them with their swords. 
Gladiis magnam partem eorum interfecerunt. 

46. The ablative with the preposition a or ab (by) is 
used with a passive verb to denote the Agent. 

They said that the Haediri had been reduced to slavery 
by Caesar. 

Dixerunt Haeduos a Caesar e in servitutem redactos esse. 

Note. — The Agent is a person and requires a or ab. Means is a 
thing and requires no preposition. 

EXAMPLES 

47. Point out the clauses of purpose and give reasons 
for all the ablatives and tenses of the subjunctives in the 
following sentences : 

1. The Remi send ambassador's to him to say, etc. 
Rem! ad eum legatos mittunt qui dlcant, etc. 

2. At the beginning of summer he sent Quiutus Pedius 
to lead these legions into inner Gaul, 

Inita aestate, in interiorem Galliam qui has legiones dedu- 
ceret, Quintum Pedium misit. 

3. He ordered them to open up their maniples ', in order 
that they might the more easily use their swords. 

Manipulos laxare iussit, quo facilius gladiis uti possent. 

4. These men were harassed by their neighbors for 
many years. 

Hi multos annos a finitimis exagitati sunt. 

5. A town excellently fortified by nature. 
Oppidum egregie natura munltum. 

3i 



§§ 48-49] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

48. VOCABULARY 
VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 

Bear, bring, f ero, f erre, tuli, latus. A little while, paulisper (adv.) . 
Defend, defendo, 3, defend!, defen- Ambassador, envoy, legatus, -I 

sus. (m.). 

Delay, moror, 1. Bravely, fortiter (adv.). 

Destroy, dele5, 2, delevi, deletus. Bowman, Sagittarius, -1 (m.). 

Fire, ignis, -is (m.). 

Reinforcement, subsidium, -1 (n.). 

S linger, funditor, funditoris (m.). 

Sword, gladius, -1 (m.). 



COMPOSITION 

49. Ambassadors were sent by Iccius to say that he 
was not able to hold out 1 any longer. Caesar therefore in 
the middle of the night sent the bowman and slingers to 
bring help to Bibrax, in order that by their aid the towns- 
men might the more easily defend themselves. On the 
arrival of these reinforcements the townsmen fought 
bravely to defend the town. Therefore the enemy 2 hav- 
ing delayed a little while 3 with the purpose of destroying 
the villages and laying waste the fields of the Remi by 
fire and sword, marched toward Caesar's camp; and, in 
order that they might come there the more quickly, they 
marched day and night. Caesar sent scouts to find out 
where the enemy 4 had pitched camp, and these men re- 
ported that the camp of the Belgae was only two miles 
away. 

PHRASES, NOTES, ETC. 

1. Any longer, longius. 

2. Having delayed, morati. 

3. With the purpose of eo consili5 ut, with subjunctive. 

4. Had pitched, posuissent, subjunctive of indirect question, see 190. 

32 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 50-52 

LESSON VII 

Purpose with Gerund or Gerundive. Ablative of 

Manner 

When is the gerund or gerundive used to denote 
purpose ? 

50. In short phrases the accusative of the gerund 
0r gerundive with ad, or the genitive of the gerund or 
gerundive with causa or gratia, may be used to denote 
purpose : 

For the purpose of seeking supplies. 
* Commeatus petendi causa. 

For the purpose of encouraging the soldiers. 
Ad cohortandos milites. 

When is the gerund and when is the gerundive used ? 

51. The gerund, being a noun, is usually used alone : 
Hiemandi causa, for the purpose of wintering. 

But the gerundive, being an adjective, must agree with 
some noun : 

Ad cohortandos milites. 

52. The ablative is used with the preposition cum to 
denote the manner of an action, but cum may be omitted 
if there is a limiting adjective : 

Venit cum celeritate. He came with speed. 
But: 
Magna celeritate or magna cum celeritate venit. 
He came with great speed. 
Note. — Review sequence of tenses, 35. 

FIRST LATIN WRITER — 3 33 



§§ 53-54] A- FIRST LATIN WRITER 

EXAMPLES 

53. In the following sentences point out the ablatives of 
manner and the purpose clauses, showing where the gerund 
and where the gerundive is used : 

1. And he set out for another part in order to pass the 
winter, 

Atque in alteram partem hiemandi causa prof ectus est. 

2. Time was zv anting not only for fitting on decorations, 
but also for putting on their helmets and for taking tlie 
coverings off their shields. 

Non modo ad insignia accommodanda, sed etiam ad galeas 
induendas scutisque tegimenta detrahenda, tempus defuit. 

3. They ran down to the river with marvellous speed. 
Incredibill celeritate ad flumen decucurrerunt. 

4. They fotight daringly. Cum audacia pugnabant. 

54. VOCABULARY 
VERBS NOUNS 

Begin battle, proelium committo, 3, Battle, pugna, -ae (f.), proelium, 

commisi, commissus. -1 (n.). 

Draw up, instruo, 3, instruxi, Care, cura, -ae (f.). 

instructus. Cavalry, equester, equestris, eques- 

Enconrage, hortor, 1 . tre (adj . ) . 

Fight, pugno, 1. Hill, collis, -is (m.). 

Lead out, educo, 3, eduxi, eductus. Line of battle, acies, aciei (f . ) . 
Make trial of , periclitor, 1. Several, nonnulli, -ae, -a (adj.)- 

Terrify, terreo, 2. Speed, swiftness, celeritas, celeri- 

tatis (f.). 
Top of, summus, -a, -urn (adj.). 
Valor, courage, virtus, virtu- 
tis(f.). 

34 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 55-56 

COMPOSITION 

55. Caesar, in order that he might make trial of the 
courage of our soldiers and the valor of the enemy, fought 
several cavalry battles. Then x having delayed a little 
while in camp, in order to encourage the soldiers, he drew 
up his line of battle with great care on the top of the hill. 
He left two legions to guard the camp and marched out 
with the other legions 2 with the purpose of terrifying the 
enemy. The enemy saw that he had led out his army and 
they, with the greatest swiftness, led out their own forces 
2 with the purpose of beginning battle. Caesar, however, 
waited for their attack and did not move from his position. 

PHRASES, NOTES, ETC. 

1. Having delayed, moratus. 

2. Purpose of, ad with gerundive. 

LESSON VIII 

Substantive Clauses of Purpose 

What is a substantive clause ? 

56. A substantive clause is a clause which takes the 
place of a noun and is either the subject or object of a 
verb. Thus : 

(a) He asks for reenforcements. 
Here reenforcements is object; but: 

(b) He asks that reenforcements be sent to him. 

Here that reenforcements. be sent to him takes the place 
of reenforcements in sentence (a) and is the object of the 
verb asks. 

Rogat ut subsidia sibi mittantur. 

35 



§§ 57~ 61 ] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

57. A substantive clause of purpose, therefore, is a 
clause of purpose which takes the place of the object or 
subject of a verb. 

What sort of verbs take a substantive clause of purpose ? 

58. We will divide the verbs that take a substantive 
clause of purpose into three classes. 

59. First class. 

(1) Verbs of asking, peto, quaero, rogo, postulo, and 
others. 

(2) Verbs of commanding, impero, cogo, decerno, mando, 
negotium do, and others. 

(3) Verbs of advising and persuading, persuadeo, moneo, 
hortor, etc. 

(4) Verbs of permitting, sino, patior (these also take 
the infinitive). 



He asks 
He advises 
He commands 
He permits 



Rogat 

Monet 
me to p-o. 

Imperat 

Sinit 



me ut earn. 



Note. — When the introducing verb is active, the substantive clause 
is object. When the introducing verb is passive, the substantive clause 
is subject. 

He advised me to go, Monuit ut irem ; but It was advised that I shoidd 
go, Vt irem monitum est. 

60. Caution. — Iubeo, to command, and veto, to forbid, 
though verbs of commanding, always take the infinitive. 

61. Second class. 

Verbs of fearing, timeo, metuo, and vereor. 

36 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 62-63 

With these verbs note the peculiarity : 

I fear that he will not come. Vereor ut veniat. 

Here, where we should expect ne, we have ut. 

And: 

I fear that he will come. Vereor ne veniat. 

Here, where we should expect ut, we have ne. There- 
fore, after a verb of fearing, use ut for negative, but ne 
for affirmative. 

62. Third class. Cf. 77. 

Verbs of hindering and preventing, deterreo, 2, impedio, 
4, prohibeo, 2. 

These verbs are followed by ne instead of ut. 

He hindered the men from disembarking, 

Deterruit ] 

Impedlvit \ viros ne egrederentur. 

Prohibuit J 

Note. — Prohibeo, the verb of most frequent occurrence, and impe- 
dio, take also the accusative and infinitive. 

ImpedivrU . _ 

™ i_. t -x f viros egredi. 

Prohibuit J 6 

EXAMPLES 

63. In the following sentences point out the substantive 
clauses of purpose, and show to which class the purpose 
clause belongs: 

1. The Bellovaci ask him to show his usual clemency. 
Bellovaci petant ut sua dementia utatur. 

37 



§ 64] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

2. He orders the Senones to find out these things. 
Dat negotium Senonibus ut haec cognoscant. 

But: 

3. He orders Labienus to follow. 
Labienum subsequi iubet. 

4. He advised the tribunes of the soldiers to charge the 
enemy. 

Tribunos militum monuit ut signa in hostes inferrent. 

5. They feared that our army would be led to tliem. 
Veriti sunt ne ad eos exercitus noster adduceretur. 

6. They feared that Caesar would not come. 
Veriti sunt ut Caesar veniret. 

7. They prevented the Remi from crossing the river. 
Prohibuerunt Remos flumen transire. 

8. They hindered the Remi from crossing the river. 
Impediverunt Remos ne flumen transirent 



64. VOCABULARY 
To ask : 

Rogo, i, is followed by two accusatives. 
He asks me for a book. Rogat me librum. 

Peto, 3, petivi, petitus, and postul5, i,to demand, are followed by 
the accusative of the thing and the ablative of the person with 
a or ab. 

He asks me for a book. Petit (or postulat) librum a me. 

Quaero, 3, quaesivi, quaesitus, is followed by the accusative of 

the thing and the ablative of the person with a or de or ex. 
He asks me for a book. Quaerit librum a (or de or ex) me. 

38 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



[§6 5 



VERBS 

Advise, moneo, 2, with substantive 

clause of purpose. 
Be in command, have charge of, 

praesum, with dative. 
Cross, transeo, transire, transii, 

transitus. 
Fear, be afraid of, vereor, 2, veri- 

tus sum. 
Lead back, reduco, 3, reduxi, reduc- 

tus. 
Order, impero, \, with substantive 

clause of purpose and dative of 

person. 
Order, iubeo, 2, iussi, iussus, with 

infinitive and accusative of per- 
son. 
Permit, sino, 3, sivi, situs. 



Persuade, persuadeo, 2, persuasi, 
persuasus, with substantive 
clause of purpose and dative 
of person. 

Prevent, hinder, impedio, 4, with 
purpose clause and ne. 

Prevent, keep from, prohibeo, 2, 
with infinitive. 

Return, redeo, redire, redil, reditus. 

Run down, decurro, 3, decucurrl, de- 
cursus. 

See, video, 2, vidi, visus. 

NOUNS, ETC. 

Ford, vadum, -i (n.). 
Fort, castellum, -i (n.). 
Struggle, pugna, -ae (f.). 
Swamp, palus, paludis (f.). 
Without, sine (prep, with abl.). 



COMPOSITION 



65. A small swamp, which was between our army and 
the enemy, hindered our men from beginning battle. Caesar 
advised his soldiers not to cross this swamp, in order that 
they might not be attacked in 1 an unfavorable position. 
The enemy also were afraid that their men would cross, and 
therefore led their forces back into camp. Caesar, hav- 
ing delayed a little while in order that his men might see 
the departure of the enemy, ordered his forces to with- 
draw. Then the generals of the enemy persuaded their 
men to run down and cross the fords 2 in the rear of Cae- 
sar's camp. Titurius, who had charge of the fort there, 
did not permit them to cross without a struggle. He sent 
a messenger to Caesar to ask him to send reinforcements 

39 



§§ 66-67] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

to him, that he might prevent the enemy from crossing. 
"I fear," said he, " that I cannot prevent them from 
crossing.' , 

PHRASES, NOTES, ETC. 

i. In an unfavorable position, iniqu5 loco. 
2. In rear of, post with accusative. 



LESSON IX 
Clauses of Result. Ablative of Accompaniment 

What is a clause of Result ? 

66. A clause of Result is a clause which shows the con- 
sequence or result of the action of the clause on which it 
depends : 

So great was their fear that they sent ambassadors to 
Caesar about peace. 

Tantus eorum fuit terror ut legates de pace ad Caesarem 
mitterent. 

How is result expressed in Latin ? 

67. Result is expressed in Latin by the subjunctive with 
ut (that, so that), negative ut non (that not, so that not): 

The sheds were so large that they terrified the enemy. 
Vineae tantae erant ut hostes terrerent. 

The swiftness of the enemy was so marvellous that 
Caesar had not time to draw up his line of battle. 

Celeritas hostium tarn incredibilis erat ut Caesarl tempus 
ad exercitum instruendum non esset. 

40 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 68-70 

68. To denote the persons or things which accompany 
other persons or things, the ablative is used with the prep- 
osition cum : 

They abandoned the town with their wives and children, 
Oppidum cum coniugibus puerisque deseruerunt. 

Note. — Cum may be omitted in military phrases : 
He came, with all his forces. Omnibus copiis venit. 

What is the effect of indirect discourse upon a clause of 
result ? 

69. A clause of result, being a subordinate clause in the 
subjunctive, is not affected by indirect discourse, except so 
far as sequence requires a change of tense. 

Review sequence of tenses, 35. 

EXAMPLES 

70. In the following sentences point out the subjunctives 
of result, and ablatives of accompaniment. Account for 
the tenses of the subjunctives. 

1. So great a change was made that our men renezved the 
battle. 

Tanta commutatio facta est ut nostri proelium redinte- 
grarent. 

2. So wonderful is their speed that we cannot catch them. 
Tarn incredibilis eorum celeritas est ut eos capere non 

possimus. 

3. They rushed out with all their forces. 
Omnibus copiis provolaverunt. 

4i 



§§ 7i-72] 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



71. VOCABULARY 



VERBS 



Decide, constituo, 3, constitui, con- 
stitute, with infinitive. 

Disturb, perturbo, 1 . 

Hasten, contendo, 3, contend!, con- 
tentus (ad, etc.). 

Help, adiuvo, 1, adiuvi, adiutus. 

Kill, occido, 3, occidl, occisus. 

Repulse, repello, 3, reppull, re- 
pulsus. 



NOUNS, ETC. 



Also, etiam (adv.). 
Delay, mora, -ae (f.). 
Especially, praesertim (adv.). 
Fiercely, acriter (adv.). 
Multitude, multitudo, multitu- 

dinis (f.). 
Message, news, nuntius, -1 (m.). 
So, tarn (adv.). 

So great, tantus, -a, -urn (adj.). 
Terror, terror, terroris (m.). 
Weapon, telum, -1 (n.). 



COMPOSITION 

72. Caesar, to help Titurius, sent 2 him the slingers and 
archers with the cavalry. They crossed the river with 
great speed, and attacked the enemy so fiercely, tliat they 
killed a great number of them, and repulsed the rest by 
the multitude of their weapons. So great was the terror 
of the enemy that they thereupon decided to return home 
with all their forces. The Bellovaci especially 2 wished to 
return home. They had heard that Diviciacus was laying 
waste their territories, and they were so disturbed by this 
news that they did not delay, but hastened home to bring 
help 3 to their own people. " So great is our fear of the 
Haedui," said they, u that we hasten home to defend our 
wives and children." 



NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

1. To him, ad eum. 

2. Wished to return, redire voluerunt. 

3. To their own people, suis. 

42 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 73-77 

LESSON X 

Substantive Clauses of Result. Ablative of Cause 

73. In the same manner as a purpose clause, a clause 
of result may take the place of the subject or the object of 
a verb. 

What sort of verbs take a substantive clause of result? 

74. We will divide the verbs that take an object clause 
of result into three classes. 

75. First class. — A substantive clause of result is used 
as object after verbs which denote that something has been 
brought to pass. 

Efficio, to bring about . Facio, to make. Impetro, to obtain a reqiiest. 

76. Second class. — A substantive clause of result is 
used as subject to such impersonals as: 

Accidit, it happens. Additur, it is added. 

Relinquitur, it remains. Fit, it becomes, the result is. 

Necesse est, it is necessary, one must. 

77. Third class. — Cf . 62. Negative phrases of hinder- 
ing y resisting, and doubting take a substantive clause of 
result with quin {but thai) instead of ut : 

There is no doubt that he is gone. 
Non est dubium quin ierit. 

/ did not hinder him from going. 
Non deterrui quin iret. 

43 



§§ 78-79] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

78. The ablative without a preposition is used to denote 
Cause : 

They fled because of fear. Metu fugerunt. 

EXAMPLES 

79. In the following sentences point out the substantive 
clauses of result; give reasons for all tenses of the sub- 
junctive and for all ablatives : 

1. They brought it about that the setting out seemed very 
much like a flight. 

Fecerunt ut consimilis fugae profectio videretur. 

2. They had brought it about that these hedges afforded 
fortifications like a wall. 

Effecerant ut instar muri hae saepes munimenta prae- 
berent 

3. Wherefore the result is that they take upon themselves 
great arrogance in military affairs. 

Qua ex re fit ut sibi magnos spiritus in re militari sumant. 

4. There is no doubt that the Helvetii are the most power- 
ful nation of the whole of Gaul. 

Non est dubium quin totius Galliae plurimum Helvetii 
possint. 

5. They were not able to keep the Suessiones from conspir- 
ing with these men. 

Suessiones deterrere non potuerunt quin cum his consen- 
tirent. 

6. On account of his arrival the soldiers were inspired 
with hope. 

Adventu eius militibus spes accessit, 

44 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 80-81 

80. VOCABULARY 
VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 

Bring about, effect, efficio, 3, effeci, Ambush, insidiae, -arum (f.). 

effectus. Departure, profectio, profectionis 
Depart, exeo, exire, exii, exitus. (f.). 

Doubt, dubito, 1, followed by quin Deserted, desertus, -a, -um (adj.). 

with subjunctive. . Doubt, dubium, -1 (n.). 

Draw up, constituo, 3, constitul, Flight, fuga, -ae (f.). 

constitutus. However, autem (adv.). 

/^//z;//#,incido,3,incidi, incasurus. Outcry, tumultus, -us (n.). 

Pursue, prosequor, 3, prosecutus Noise, strepitus, -us (m.). 

sum. Rear, novissimum agmen (n.). 
// remains, reliquum est. 
Seem, seem best } videor, 2, visus 
est. 

COMPOSITION 

81. The enemy therefore decided to return home. No 
one hindered them from setting out, and they did not doubt 
that they would reach home in safety. But they departed 
with so much noise and uproar that they brought it about 
that the setting out seemed just like a flight. It happened 
that Caesar heard of their departure ; but he feared that it 
was a trick, and did not send his men to pursue the enemy, 
*lest they should fall into some ambush. However, on 
account of this news, he drew up his army. 2 At dawn 
there was no doubt, because of the deserted camp, that the 
enemy had departed, therefore it only remained for Caesar 
to pursue the rear of the enemy. 



NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

i . Lest, ne, followed by purpose clause-. 
2. At dawn, prima luce. 

45 



§§ 82-84] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

LESSON XI 

Remarks on Purpose and Result Clauses. Genitive 
and Ablative of Description 

82. It will be observed from the last six lessons that 
purpose and result are expressed in Latin in the same 
way, but with one great exception, namely : 

Negative purpose is introduced by ne f 
Negative result is introduced by ut . . . non. 

From this rule there follows a difference between result 
and purpose in the following phrases: 

ENGLISH PURPOSE RESULT 

that no one, ne quis, ut nemo. 

that nothing, ne quid, ut nihil. 

that never, ne unquam, ut nunquam, etc. 

83. It must be observed also that a verb of hindering 
when affirmative takes a purpose clause with ne, or the 
infinitive; but a negative clause of hindering takes result 
with quin. 

/ prevented him from going. 
Deterrui ne iret, or prohibuit eum ire. 
But: 

/ did not prevent him from going. 
Non impedlvi quin iret. 

84. The genitive or ablative is used with a modifying 
adjective to denote the quality of a person or thing. 

Iccius, a man of the highest nobility. 

Iccius, vir summae nobilitatis (or summa nobilitate). 

46 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ S5-S6 

EXAMPLES 

85. In the following sentences point out the purpose 
and result clauses, account for their tenses, and account 
for all genitives and ablatives : 

1. They made tlie wall very high in order that no one 
might cross. 

Murum altissimum f ecerunt ne quis transiret. 

2. The wall is so high that 710 one can cross. 
Murus tarn altus est ut nemo transire possit. 

3. They destroyed the whole town that nothing might be 
left. 

Oppidum totum deleverunt ne quid relinqueretur. 

4. They destroyed tlie town to such an extent that no tiling 
was left. 

Tantopere oppidum deleverunt ut nihil relinqueretur. 

5. A man of the greatest influence among his followers. 
Vir magnae auctoritatis inter suos. 

6. They were men of great courage. 
Virl magna virtute fuerunt. 

86. VOCABULARY 
VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 

Begin, coepi, coepisse, defective Arrival, adventus, -us (m.). 
followed by complementary in- Before, ante (prep, with ace), 
finitive. Nevertheless, tamen (adv.). 

Besiege, oppugno, 1. Siege engine, opus, -eris (n.). 

Lead up, ago, 3, egi, actus. Peace, pax, pacis (f.). 

Size, magnitudo, magnitudinis (f. ) . 
Terrified, permotus, -a, -urn (adj.). 
Use, iisus, -us (m.). 

47 



§§ 87-88] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

COMPOSITION 

87. Caesar led his army into the territories of the Sues- 
siones to capture the town of Noviodunum. He journeyed 
by 1 forced marches, in x)rder that no one of the enemy 
might reach the town before him. On his arrival he be- 
gan to bring up sheds and to prepare the other things 
which were of 2 use 3 for besieging a town. The Sues- 
siones, although men of great courage, were so terrified 
by the size of Caesar's siege engines that not one of them 
wished to defend the town. They therefore sent ambas- 
sadors to Caesar, to sue for peace and to ask that nothing 
of theirs should be destroyed, and that no one of their 
wives or children should be killed. Caesar said that he 
would preserve them, but that it pleased him that they 
had not withstood him. 4 " For," said he, "I was on the 
point of so destroying your town that nothing of.it should 
be left." 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

i. Forced marches, magno itinere. 

2. Dative for a use to* 

3. Ad with gerundive. 

4. For, nam. 



LESSON XII 
Review of Lessons I to IV Inclusive 

88. Questions : 

1. What is the difference between direct and indirect 
discourse ? 

2. After what sort of verbs is indirect discourse used ? 
Give some of these verbs in Latin. 

48 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 89-90 

3. How do you express indirect discourse in Latin? 
main clause ? subordinate clause ? 

4. On what does the tense of the main clause of indirect 
discourse depend? On what does the tense of the sub- 
ordinate clause depend ? 

5. After what sort of verbs is the complementary in- 
finitive used ? Give these verbs in Latin. 

6. When is the infinitive used as subject ? 

7. What tense of the infinitive do you usually use in the 
complementary infinitive ? 

8. How are end of motion, place where, place from 
which, extent of space, expressed in Latin ? 

9. Do you know anything peculiar about place where, 
to which, and from which in connection with names of 
towns and small islands, domus, and rus ? 

89. VOCABULARY 
VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 

Approach, advenio, 3, adveni, ad- Elders, maiores natu. 

ventus. First, primus, -a, -um (adj.). 

Fight against, armis contendo cum, Five, quinque (num. indecl. adj.). 

with abl. Hostage, obses, obsidis (a). 

Receive, accipio, 3, accepi, acceptus. Mile, millia passuum. 

Seek) peto, 3, petivi, petitus. State) civitas, civitatis (f.). 

Show, ostendo, 3, ostendi, ostentus, S?irrender) deditio, deditionis (f.). 

followed by indirect discourse. Thus, sic (adv.). 

Spread out, pand5, 3 , pandi, passus. Wall, murus, -i (m .) . 
Stand, sto, 1, steti, status. 

COMPOSITION 

90. The Senones said that they would send him, as hos- 
tages, those who were the first men of the state. Caesar 
therefore marched away from Noviodunum to the terri- 
tories of the Bellovaci. This tribe collected all its forces 

FIRST LATIN WRITER — 4 49 



§ 9 i] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

at Bratuspantium. About five miles from this town all the 
elders approached Caesar and said, that they had come 
from the town 2 to show him that they would not fight 
against the Roman people. Caesar received them and 
marched to their town. On his arrival there the women 
and those children who were able to stand on the wall 
began to hold out their hands to Caesar, and thus, 2 accord- 
ing to their custom, began to seek peace from the Romans. 
Caesar said that it would please him to save the town, 
and that it would be to their interest to send him six 
hundred hostages. 

NOTES. PHRASES, ETC. 

1. To show is followed by indirect discourse. 

2. According to their custom, suo more. 



LESSON XIII 
Review of Lessons V to XI Inclusive 

91. Questions: 

1. What is a purpose clause ? A clause of result ? 

2. How are purpose and result usually expressed in 
Latin ? What is the difference ? 

3. What is a relative clause of purpose? 

4. What is the introducing Latin word when there is 
a comparative in a purpose clause ? 

5. What is a substantive clause ? 

6. What sort of verbs take a substantive clause of pur- 
pose ? of result ? Give their Latin meanings. 

7. What difference is there in a clause of fearing from 
an ordinary purpose clause ? 

8. How is purpose expressed in short clauses ? 

50 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 92-93 

9. Does indirect discourse change a purpose or a 
result clause at all ? 

10. How are time when, within which, and duration of 
time expressed in Latin ? 

11. How are means, agent, accompaniment, cause, 
description, and manner expressed in Latin ? 

92. VOCABULARY 
VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 

Bring upon, infero, inferre, intuli, Ally, socius, -1 (m.). 

illatus. Disaster, calamitas, calamitatis 
Flee, fugio, 3, fugi, fugiturus. (f.). 

Lead on, impello, 3, impuli, im- Friendship, amicitia, -ae (f.). 

pulsus. Greatest, maximus, -a, -um (adj.). 

Make war on, bellum inferre. Leader, princeps, principis (m.). 

Pardon, ignosco, 3, ignovi, igno- Speed, celeritas, celeritatis (f.). 

tus, with dative. 
Plead for, verba facere pro, with 

abl. 

COMPOSITION 

93. Diviciacus was sent for by the Bellovaci in order 
that he might plead for them, and that they, by his help, 
might the more easily obtain pardon from Caesar. He, 
on his arrival, asked Caesar to pardon them. He said 
that the Bellovaci had 1 always been allies of the Haeduan 
state ; that they had been led on by their leaders, who 
had persuaded them to make war with all their forces 
upon the Roman people; that now those leaders, though 
men of great courage, were so disturbed by the disaster 
which they had brought upon their state that they, to save 
themselves, had fled with the greatest speed into Britain ; 
that 2 not only the Bellovaci, 2 but also the Haeduans asked 
that he would use 3 his usual clemency 4 with regard to 

Si 



§ 93] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

them, that he would permit them to use their towns, that 
he would not keep them from cultivating their fields. 
"Thus," said he, "you will bring it about that the authority 
of the Haeduan state will for many years be increased 
among the Belgae."^ Lastly Diviciacus said, "You need 
not fear that they will revolt again, for there is no doubt 
that they are terrified by your power." 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

1. Always, translate for all tiine. 

2. Not only . . . but also, non s51um . . . sed etiam. 

3 . His usual clemency, sua dementia. 

4. With regard to them, in eos. 



52 



PART II 



LESSON XIV 

Conditional Sentences. Present, Past, and Future 

Conditions 

94. A conditional sentence consists of two parts: (1) the 
supposition or condition, called the Protasis : as, If Caesar 
is here: and (2) the conclusion, called the Apodosis : as, 
we are safe. 

95. Note. — The Apodosis is therefore the main clause, 
and the Protasis is the subordinate clause. 

How are conditional sentences expressed in Latin ? 

96. There are six kinds of conditions : 

(1) Present. (4) Future less vivid. 

(2) Past. (5) Contrary to fact present. 

(3) Future more vivid. (6) Contrary to fact past. 

We will discuss each .in turn. 

97. Present Condition, i.e. Condition in present time. 
If Caesar is here, zve are safe. 

SI Caesar adest, conservamur. 

Rule. — A Present Condition takes present indicative 
in both protasis and apodosis. 

53 



§§ 98-101] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

98. Past Condition, i.e. Condition in past time. 
If Caesar was here, we were glad. 

SI Caesar aderat, nos laeti eramus. 

Rule. — A Past Condition takes some secondary indica- 
tive tense in both protasis and apodosis. 

99. Future Condition More Vivid, i.e. Condition in dis- 
tinct future time. English words, shall or will: 

If Caesar shall be (or is) here, we shall be safe. 
Si Caesar aderit, conservabimur. 

Rule. — Future More Vivid requires future indicative 
in both protasis and apodosis. 

100. Future Less Vivid, i.e. Condition in less distinct 
future time. English words, should or ivould. 

If Caesar should be (or were) Jiere } we slioidd be safe. 
SI Caesar adsit, conservemur. 

Rule. — Future Condition Less Vivid requires present 
subjunctive in both protasis and apodosis. 

Note i. — How do we know in English whether a future condition 
is more or less vivid ? 

In the apodosis of a more vivid future condition shall or will is used. 
In the apodosis of a less vivid future condition should or wo?dd is 
used. 

Note 2. — In English the present is usually used instead of the future 
in the protasis : 

If Caesar does this, I shall go to Rome. 
This sort of present must be translated into Latin by the future 
indicative. 

EXAMPLES 

101. In the following sentences point out the apodosis 
and protasis of each condition and show what sort of a 
condition is expressed : 

54 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 102-103 

1. If the Gauls are conspiring, Caesar is troubled. 
SI Galli coniurant, Caesar permovetur. 

2. If the Gauls were conspiring, Caesar was always 
troubled. 

SI Galli coniurabant, Caesar semper permovebatur. 

3. If they will surrender, Caesar will save them. 
Si se dedent, Caesar eos conservabit 

4. If they should surrender, Caesar would save them. 
Si se dedant, Caesar eos conservet. 

5. If lie should do this, he would heighten the influence 
of the Hacdui. 

SI hoc faciat, Haeduorum auctoritatem amplificet. 

6. If he does this, he will heighten the influence of the 
Haedui. 

SI hoc faciet, Haeduorum auctoritatem amplificabit. 

102. VOCABULARY 
VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 

Give up ones arms, arma trado, Always, semper (adv.). 

3, tradidi, traditus. Command, mandatum, -1 (n.). 

Obey, pareo, 2, followed by dative. Terms, condicio, condicionis (f.) . 

Obtain, pario, 2, peperi, partus. Services, meritum, -1 (n.). 

impetro (1). 
Surrender, dedo ? 3, dedidi, deditus. 

COMPOSITION 

103. Diviciacus spoke to the Bellovaci a as follows: 
2 " Caesar will pardon you if you give up your arms, but if 
you should send him also six hundred hostages, you would 
obtain more favorable terms of peace. If you are brave 
men, the Romans are still braver, and therefore I advise 
you to surrender yourselves and all your belongings to 

55 



§§ 104-106] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

Caesar. If the Gauls have conspired, Caesar has always 
conquered them ; and if they would only keep the peace, 
our country would not be laid waste by war." Then the 
Bellovaci surrendered and sent hostages. Caesar there- 
fore praised Diviciacus on account of his services. 2 " If 
you will always obey my commands," said he, "you will 
be the man of greatest influence in Gaul." 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

1. As follows, SIC. 

2. Direct discourse, why ? 



LESSON XV 
Contrary to Fact Conditions 

What is a Contrary to Fact condition ? 

104. A Contrary to Fact condition is a statement of what 
would have been the case if a certain supposition were being 
or had been fulfilled : 

If Caesar were here, we should be safe. 
(But Caesar is not here.) 

105. There are two kinds of contrary to fact conditions. 
1. Present, i.e. Contrary to Fact condition in present 

time. 

If Caesar were here, we should be safe. 
SI Caesar adesset, conservaremur. 

Rule. — A present Contrary to Fact condition requires 
the imperfect subjunctive in both protasis and apodosis. 

106. 2. Past, i.e. Contrary to Fact condition in past 
time. 

56 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 107-109 

If Caesar had been present, we should have been safe. 
Si Caesar adfuisset, conservati essemus. 

Rule. — A past Contrary to Fact condition requires plu- 
perfect subjunctive in both protasis and apodosis. 

107. Summary of conditions in direct discourse. 

Condition Protasis Apodosis 

Present Present indicative Present indicative 

Past Secondary indicative Secondary indicative 

Future more vivid Future indicative Future indicative 

Future less vivid Present subjunctive Present subjunctive 

Present contrary to fact Imperfect subjunctive Imperfect subjunctive 

Past contrary to fact Pluperfect subjunctive Pluperfect subjunctive 

Remark on Si. — Si, if is the word which usually introduces the 
protasis of a condition ; but other words also may be used, chiefly the 
compounds of si. Of these, those of most frequent occurrence are nisi, 
unless, if not, and etsi, although. . The latter introduces a concessive 
clause. See 142. 

108. Nisi and etsi may introduce the protasis of any of 
the above conditions. 

EXAMPLES 

109. In the following sentences point out the protasis 
and apodosis of the conditional sentences and show what 
sort of a condition exists : 

1 . If the Suessiones were the allies of the Haeduans, they 
would not fight against Caesar. 

Si Haeduorum socii Suessiones essent, armis cum Caesare 
non contenderent. 

2. If Caesar had not sent help, the enemy would have 
captured Bibrax. 

SI Caesar auxilium non misisset, hostes Bibractem expug- 
navissent 

57 



§§ iio-iii] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

3. There will be no terms of surrender unless they hand 
over their arms. 

Deditionis nulla erit condicio nisi arma tradent. 

4. Although the enemy were brave, Caesar was not 
alarmed. 

Etsi hostes fortes erant, Caesar non perturbabatur. 

IIO. VOCABULARY 

verbs Captive, captivus, -1 (m.). 

Wait far, await, exspecto, 1. Further, ulterior, ulterius (adj.). 

Find, invenio, 4, inveni, inventus. On this side of, cis (prep, with 

ace). 

nouns, etc. River, flumen, fluminis (n.). 

Across, trans (prep, with ace.). Together with, una cum (with 

Bank, ripa, -ae (f.). abl.). 

Coming, arrival, adventus, -us Unprepared, imparatus, -a, -um 

(m.). (adj.). 

COMPOSITION 

in. The captives said to Caesar: 1 " If our camp were 
on this side of the river Sabis, you would be able to reach 
it in three days, but our general has crossed the river in 
order to await the coming of the Aduatuci. If the forces 
of that tribe had been with us, we should not have awaited 
your arrival, but should have attacked you 2 of our own 
accord. If you were now across the river, you would come 
upon our forces unprepared, but, 3 when you arrive on the 
further bank, you will find the Nervii together with the 
Atrebates ready 4 for the fight. If we were afraid, we 
should send hostages, and accept your conditions of peace ; 
but unless you are much stronger than we, we hope to 
defeat you easily. ,, 

58 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 112-113 



NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 



i . Direct discourse, why ? 

2 . Of our own accord, ultro. 

3. When y 01c arrive, cum venies. 

4. For the fight, ad pugnandum. 



LESSON XVI 



Present, Past, and Future Conditions in Indirect 

Discourse 

What is the effect of indirect discourse upon conditional 
sentences ? 

112. The effect upon conditional sentences of indirect 
discourse is as follows : 

The apodosis, being the main clause, will go into the 
infinitive. 

Present condition Present infinitive. 

Past condition Perfect infinitive. 

Future condition Future infinitive. 

Effect of indirect discourse upon the protasis. 

The protasis being a subordinate clause will go into the 
subjunctive, but its tense will depend upon the sequence 
of tenses in indirect discourse. 11. 

Note. — There is no distinction between more vivid and less vivid 
future conditions in indirect discourse. 

What happens if the verb required for the apodosis of a 
future condition in indirect discourse has no supine stem 
and therefore has no future infinitive ? 

113. If the verb required for the apodosis of a future 
condition in indirect discourse has no future infinitive, a 

59 



§§ 114-115] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

paraphrase must be used, consisting of the future infinitive 
of the verb sum followed by ut with the subjunctive. 

114. Note. — This paraphrase must be used also when 
the verb of the apodosis is passive, and may be used in 
any future condition in indirect discourse : 

He said that, if the yards were cut from the masts, they 
would fall. 

Dixit, si antemnae ab malls absciderentur, futurum esse 
ut conciderent, i.e. it would be that they would fall. 

He said that, if Caesar did not send help, Bibrax wo7ild 
be captured. 

Dixit, si Caesar auxilium non mitteret, futurum esse ut 
Bibrax expugnaretur, i.e. it would be that Bibrax would be 
captured. 

EXAMPLES 

115. In the following sentences point out the protasis 
and apodosis, show what sort of a condition is expressed, 
and give reasons for all tenses of subjunctives : 

1. Diviciacus says that Caesar would heighten the influ- 
ence of the Haedui, if he should do this. 

Diviciacus dlcit, si Caesar hoc fecerit, Haeduorum auctori- 
tatem amplificaturum esse. 

2. He said that if they would surrender, they should be 
safe. 

Dixit, si se dederent, futurum esse ut conservarentur. 

3. He says that the yards would fall, if they were cut 
off from the masts. 

Dlcit futurum esse ut antemnae concidant, si ab malls 
abscidantur, 

60 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 116-117 

4. He said that if Caesar were there, they were safe. 
Dixit si Caesar adesset eos conservarl. 

Il6. VOCABULARY 
VERBS NOUNS 

Determine, agree upon, constituo, Between, inter (prep, with ace). 
3, constitul, constitutus. Line of march, iter, itineris (n.). 

Co7tie between, intercedo, 3, inter- One at a ti?ne, singull, -ae, -a 

cessi, intercessurus. (adj.). 

Escape, effugio, 3, effugi, effugitu- Order, arrangement, consuetudo, 
rus. consuetudinis (f.). 

Plan, consilium, -i (n.). 
Separately, singillatim (adv.). 
Surrendered, dediticius, -a, -urn 
(adj.). 

COMPOSITION 

117. The surrendered Gauls said that, if Caesar was 
determined to cross the river, they were determined to 
escape from Caesar's camp, and to tell the Nervii of the 
arrangement of our line of march ; that, if the Nervii 
should listen to their plan, they would be able to over- 
whelm the whole Roman army. 1 When Caesar marched 
therefore, they fled to the Nervii and told them that it 
would be 2 an easy thing to conquer the Romans, if they 
should attack each legion separately. The Nervii replied 
that, if the legions marched one at a time, it would not be 
difficult to conquer them. The Gauls then told them that 
in our line of march a great amount of baggage came 
between each legion, and that if the first legion was 
attacked on its arrival, they would be able to destroy it 
before the others came up. 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

i . When Caesar marched, cum Caesar iter faceret, see 127. 
2. An easy thing, non quicquam negoti, see 191. 

6l 



§§ U8-I20] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

LESSON XVII 

Contrary to Fact Conditions in Indirect Discourse 

What effect has indirect discourse on Contrary to Fact 
conditions ? 

118. In indirect discourse the protasis of a Contrary to 
Fact condition suffers no change ; but the apodosis, being 
the main clause, uses the future participle, in agreement 
with the subject accusative, and the perfect infinitive of 
sum, i.e. -urum (or -uros) fuisse : 

He says (or He said) that if Caesar had been there, they 
would have been glad. 

Dicit (or Dixit) si Caesar adfuisset, eos laetos futuros 
fuisse. 

What happens in a Contrary to Fact condition when 
there is no supine stem of the verb required, and therefore 
no future participle ? 

119. In a Contrary to Fact condition, when there is no 
supine stem of the verb in the apodosis, a paraphrase is 
used, consisting of the future participle of sum, with fuisse 
and ut with the imperfect subjunctive : 

He says (or He said ) that if the yards had been cut 
from the masts, they would have fallen. 

Dicit (or Dixit) si antemnae ab malls abscisae essent 
futurum fuisse ut conciderent (i.e. it would have been that 
they would fall). 

120. Note. — This paraphrase may be used in any Con- 
trary to Fact condition in indirect discourse, and must be 
used if the verb of apodosis is passive. 

62 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§ 121 

EXAMPLES 

121. In the following sentences point out the apodosis 
and protasis, show what sort of a condition is expressed 
in each sentence, and account for all subjunctive tenses : 

1 . He says that, if Caesar had been there, Bibrax would 
not have been captured. 

Dicit, si Caesar adfuisset, futurum fuisse ut Bibrax non 
expugnaretur. 

2. He said that the Snessiones would not now be fighting 
against Caesar, if they were the allies of the Haeduans. 

Dixit Suessiones iam cum Caesare non contenturos fuisse, 
si Haeduorum socii essent. 

3. He says that, if the yards had been cut azvay from the 
masts, they would have fallen. 

Dicit, si antemnae ab malls abscisae essent, futurum fuisse 
ut conciderent. 

4. Caesar replied that he would have spared them, if they 
had surrendered their arms. 

Caesar respondit se eos conservaturum fuisse, si arma 
tradidissent. 



63 



§122] 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 













CD 

u 

ft 

CD 


tj 




1 


i 

^2 




1) 


i 

CO 


^G <1> 

h3 w 


i 




1 




(/) 


<D 






<H-H 

CD 

ft 

CD 
CO 




o 

CD 
> 


G 
CO 

'S 




o 


T3 

u 

CD 
i- 


.r-t CO 

* - 3 

« a 

.G^ »-< 
cj G 

"C G 


G 
co 

o 

<-l-H 
!-H 


^ -3 

j* a 

.G^g 
CJ G 


G 

CO 

O 

<H-H 
^4 


CO 


CO 
O 

o 


<G 








in 
CD 

pG 

o 


CD 
# > 

'3 


'3 

cG 


-5 

<D 
00 




G 


.3 


(D 
ft 
g 


CD 
ft 


o 
u 


Ph 


.S 
h-> 

a 

CD 






+J 

G 

CD 


.3 

a 


CO 
D 

a 

G 


(D 
O 


co 

CD 


;G 
7B 


g p % 

g £ .22 


"5 


g tt o 

'■8 2 s 

c 3 .2 


5 > 


co 




CO 






CO 


J 


cG 


B 


5-4 


G 


G 


*> 




G 






<u 






CD 


G 


G 


p 




° -G G 


H-» 


ITS "*-' G 


±2 G 


Q 

H 
U 

w 




J-h 






Jh 








■+H 




rt 


"> 


CJ G HH 


G 


G .G^ 




Ph 






fa 






fa 






c7] 




fa 




fa 








G 
C 
co 


rd 


i 

CD 

ft 
j3 


G 

CD 
> 

tj 

G 
G 

G 

co 

u 

,^ 

'-t-H 


i 

.a 

G 

I* 

T; cd 
G > 
CD 

cu go 

<D G 

CD G 
co x5 
G o 

CD u. 


> 


G 

q 

CO 


J3 


<D 
'h 

O 

£ 


i 

CO 

'-3 


CD 
CJ 




CD 
O 

G 
# G 

!5" 

G 

CO 

•4-1 

CJ 

«H-I 

<D 
ft 

G 




5 
2 


73 

CO 

< 

H 
O 

Ph 
Ph 


c 

^G 

CO 

+-> 

G 

CD 

CO 
CD 

S-. 


G 

oj 
ft 
CD 

CD 

CO 

G 

CD 

■+-» 
G 
£1 


<v 
> 

tr. 

.5 

'u 

G 

T2 

O 

>H 
+J 

.s 


Oh 

o 
a 

•h-h 
Sh 

cu 
ft 

a 


G 
.G 

G 

CO 

G 
CD 

CO 
CD 

J-H 


G 

'OJ 

ft 
CD 

-a 

CD 

CO 

G 

a> 

G 


> 

G 
'a 

G 

O 

V- 

+-> 


G 

CO 
CD 

£ 


O 

aj 
v. 

,r 3 
.3 

"> 
*> 


G 
G 

G 
co 

o 

<D ,D 
CO V 
^ CD 

o 9^ 










fa 










Oh 






CO 






s 


















<D 














CD 




CD 








CD 


















CD 
> 




CJ 










m > 








o 




CD 










G 




G 






CO 

CO 


cj 








43 

G 










CJ 

G 




G 




G 

s* 

G 






O 














CD 










G 








Q 


-3 






/ — 




. 








s* 




CO 




CO 






O 

< 


.3 








J-H 




T3 






G 








•*-> 










W 
CD 
ft 
3 




o 


CJ 

iP 

5h 


.3 

CD 






CO 

G 




tj 
tP 

^H 

CD 
ft 

3 




9h 








CD 

co 
<D 
u 






*— 1 — 1 

u 

CD 


CD 
ft 
J3 


5-1 

G 

G 






CD 

GO 

CD 






CD 
ft 

G 




w 

CO 




fa 






ft 


fa 


fa 






ft 






s 
























CD 








CD 




o 




CD 








rt 










_> 




tj 




O 

G 




u 




> 








CJ 




CD 










G 






CO 

s 


CO 

CO 


1 








t3 

.5 










U 

G 
# G 




G 
G 




^G 

G 




H 
U 

w 

5 


H 


t3 






t 


— ^_- 


< 








lc' 




CO 




co 




O 
Ph 


.S 
g 

CD 

CO 

CD 






CD 
ft 


u 

o 


+-» 
U 
tP 

M-H 

}-i 

CD 
ft 
^G 


.3 

CD 

S-. 

G 






G 

X 

+j 

fl 
D 

CO 

CD 




o 

CD 
ft 




O 

CD 
ft 
J3 








5h 






— H 


CJ 


G 










a 












Oh 






Oh 


s 


fa 






£ 






E 


















CD 


O 




xT 


^ 






o 




















O 

3 




'> 














O 


4-» 
















"> 


1 


O 




o 






3 

o 
u 


G 
CD 
co 

CD 

Sh 

Oh 








Cm 




<D 
J- 

G 
h-> 
G 


tJ 

*> 
*> 


1 


CO 

CO 

CD 

cD 
G 
G 


O 

•5 


03 <D 

S-. CO 

G ^ 

G j- 

O ft 




03 

»-i +-» 

-t-» CO 

G 03 
O ft 

u 




















fa 






fa 




U 







64 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



[§§ 123-124 



123. VOCABULARY 



NOUNS 
Attack, impetus, -us (m.). 
In light marching order, expedi- 
tes, -a, -um (adj.). 
Operation, opus, -operis (n.). 
Time, tempus, temporis (n.). 



VERBS 

Employ ) occup5, 1 . 

Follow, subsequor, 3, subsecutus 

sum. 
Fortify, munio, 4. 
Hold one's ground, consisto, 3, 

constiti. 
Keep, habed, 2. 
Send ahead, praemitto, 3, prae- 

misi, praemissus. 

COMPOSITION 

124. Caesar said that, if he had kept the same order of 
march which the deserters had reported to the Nervii, he 
would have been overcome by the Nervii ; but that he had 
sent ahead the cavalry and had followed them with six le- 
gions in light marching order. He said that these legions 
came to the camp and fortified it, and that if they had not 
been employed in this operation, they would easily have 
repulsed the first attack of the Nervii ; that if the cavalry 
had only held their ground, he would have had time to draw 
up his forces in line of battle ; and that at that time he had 
said a to himself, if only the cavalry were Romans, they 
would easily hold their ground and not be so easily 
repulsed. 

Phrase 

1 . To himself, secum. 

Note. — Before entering upon the study of Lesson XVIII, Review 
Lesson XXIV may be studied. 



FIRST LATIN WRITER — 5 



65 



§§ 125-127] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

LESSON XVIII 
Temporal Clauses. The First Cum 

What is a temporal clause ? 

125. A temporal clause is a subordinate clause which is 
introduced by some relative adverb of time or conjunction 
of time : 

When neither army began to cross, Caesar led his men 
back into camp, 

Vbi neutri transeundi initium fecerunt, Caesar suos in 
castra reduxit 

What are these relative adverbs and conjunctions of 
time ? 

126. The relative adverbs and conjunctions of time used 
to introduce temporal clauses are as follows : 

First kind. Those that take the indicative. 

Vbi, when. 

Vt, when. Vt primum, as soon as. 

Postquam, after. 

These particles are usually followed by the perfect in- 
dicative. 

127. Second kind. Those that take the indicative or 
subjunctive according to their temporal significance. 

Cum, when. 
Priusquam, before. 

Cum, when it defines the time of the main clause, takes 
the indicative in whatever tense the context requires : 

66 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§ 12S 

When Caesar came into Gau/, the leaders of one party 
were the Haedui, of the other the Sequani. 

Cum Caesar in Galliam venit, alterius factionis principes 
erant Haedui, alterius Sequani. 

But when the cum clause merely denotes what was 
happening or had happened at the time of the action of 
the main clause, cum is followed by the imperfect or plu- 
perfect subjunctive : 

The Bellovaciy having betaken themselves and all their 
possessions into the town, songht peace from Caesar. 

Bellovaci, cum se suaque omnia in oppidum contulissent, 
pacem a Caesare petierunt. 

Priusquam is followed usually by the perfect indicative 
or imperfect subjunctive; but if the verb of the main 
clause is primary, then priusquam is usually followed by 
the present tense indicative or subjunctive. 

128. Third kind. Those that take the indicative or 
subjunctive according to their meaning. 

Dum, while, until. 
Donee, as long as. 
Quoad, as long as. 

Dum meaning while takes the present indicative ; but 
when dum means until it takes the present or imperfect 
subjunctive : 

While Caesar waited in these places, ambassadors came 
to him. 

Dum in his locis Caesar moratur, ad eum legati venerunt 

But: 

67 



§§ 129-130] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

He waited until the rest of the ships should come together. 

Dum reliquae naves convenient, exspectavit 

Donee and quoad, meaning as long as, take the indicative. 

Note. — These words also mean until, and then usually take the 
subjunctive. 

129. To denote future time in a temporal clause, the 
future indicative must be used with cum. 

EXAMPLES 

130. In the following sentences point out the temporal 
clauses and give reasons for every use of the indicative or 
subjunctive : 

1 . When the zvall was stripped of defenders, the Gauls 
advanced and undermined the walls. 

Vbi murus defensoribus nudatus est, Galli succedunt mu- 
rumque subruunt (historical present). 

2. After he saw that all the forces of the Belgians were 
coming against him, he hastened to lead his army across the 
Axona. 

Postquam omnis copias Belgarum ad se venire vidit, 
Axonam exercitum traducere maturavit. 

3. When the ropes were cut, the yards fell. 
Vt funes abscisi sunt, antemnae conciderunt. 

4. While these things were taking place amongst the 
Veneti, Sabinus reached the territories of the Venelli. 

Dum haec in Venetis geruntur, Sabinus in fines Venel- 
lorum pervenit. 

5. As long as he was able he resisted bravely. 
Quoad potuit fortissime restitit. 

68 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 131-132 

6. When they from time to time betook themselves into 
the forests to their friends and made an attack back again 
from the forests on our men, and our men did not dare to 
follow them, when they fled, farther than to that point to 
which the open places extended, the six legions meanwhile 
began to fortify the camp. 

Cum se ill! identidem in silvas ad suos reciperent, ac 
rursus ex silva in nostros impetum facerent, neque nostri 
longius quam quern ad finem loca aperta pertinebant ce- 
dentis insequi auderent, interim legiones sex castra munire 
coeperunt. 

7. Caesar led his army into the territories of the Sues- 
siones before the enemy recovered from their flight. 

Caesar, priusquam se hostes ex terrore reciperent, in fines 
Suessionum exercitum duxit 

131. VOCABULARY 

VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 

Draw off, detraho, 3, detraxi, de- Battle line, acies, aciei (f.). 

tractus. Coverings, tegimentum, -1 (n.). 

Hasten, contends, 3, contend!, con- Forest, woods, silva, -ae (f.). 

tentus. Shield, scutum, -i (n.). 

Lie hid, lateo, 3, latui. 
Put to flight, f ugo, 1 ; cf. fugi5, to 

flee. 
Rush forth, provolo, 1. 

132. COMPOSITION 

When 1 the van of our baggage was seen by the enemy, 
who lay hid in the forest, they rushed forth and made an 
attack on our cavalry, who fought bravely until they were 
overcome by the number of the enemy. When the Nervii 
had repulsed these so quickly that they reached our camp 

69 



§§ J 33-i 34] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

before our men were ready to receive them, they tried to 
capture our army. Our men, however, when they saw that 
the cavalry were put to flight, 2 ran to arms; but before 
they could arrange their line of battle, and while they were 
drawing off the coverings from their shields, the enemy 
broke into the camp. Nevertheless, as long as the tenth 
legion remained in camp the enemy were repulsed, but 
when that legion left its place on the left wing in order 
to pursue the Atrebates, the enemy began to surround our 
army on that flank. 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

i. The van of our baggage, prima impedimenta. 
2. To run to arms, ad arma concurrere. 



LESSON XIX 

Causal Clauses. The Second Cum. Comparatives 
with Quam. Ablative of Comparison 

What is a causal clause ? 

133. A causal clause gives the reason for the action of 
the clause on which it depends : 

They conspired because they feared that our army would 
be led against them. 

Coniuraverunt quod vererentur ne ad eos exercitus noster 
adduceretur. 

How are causal clauses expressed in Latin ? 
Causal clauses may be divided into two classes. 

134. First class. 

Quod, quia, and quoniam, because, are followed by : 

70 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 135-136 

(a) The indicative, if the reason given is on the authority 
of the writer or speaker. 

But by : 

(b) The subjunctive, if the reason given is on the author- 
ity of some other person : 

The Helvetii surpass the rest of the Gaitls in valor be- 
cause they fight almost daily battles zvith the Germans. 

Helvetii reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere 
cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt (writer's au- 
thority). 

But: 

Caesar, complaining because they had made war without 
good reason, said that he would pardon their indiscretion. 

Caesar questus, quod bellum sine causa intulissent 
(Caesar's authority), se ignoturum imprudentiae dixit 

Note. — Quod meaning because is the word most frequently used. 
Quia is used less frequently and usually takes the indicative. Quoniam 
means inasmuch as rather than because. 

135. Second class. 

Cum causal, meaning since in the sense of because, takes 
the subjunctive : 

Since each one hastened to return home, they made the 
setting out seem very much like a flight. 

Cum quisque domum pervenire properaret, fecerunt ut 
consimilis fugae profectio videretur. 

How is comparison expressed in Latin ? 

136. Comparison is usually expressed by quam meaning 
than, which takes the same case after it as before it : 

7i 



§§ i37-!38] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

The Romans are braver than the Gauls. 
Fortiores quam Galli RomanI sunt. 

But: 

137. When the person or thing to be compared is nomi- 
native or accusative, the ablative without quam may be 
used of the person or thing with which some one or some- 
thing is compared : 

The Romans are braver than the Gauls. 
Gallis fortiores sunt RomanI. 

Caution. — Never use the ablative of comparison when the thing to 
be compared is genitive, dative, or ablative. 

EXAMPLES 

138. Point out the causal clauses, account for the moods 
and tenses of all the subordinate verbs, and account for 
the cases of the things compared in the following sen- 
tences : 

1. He tried to capture that town on the march , because he 
had heard that it was destitute of defenders. 

Id oppidum ex itinere expugnare conatus est, quod va- 
cuum ab defensoribus esse audiebat 

2. They began to taunt our men because so great an 
engine of war was being set up at so great a distance. 

Increpitabant vocibus quod tanta machinatio ab tanto 
spatio institueretur. 

3. Since they thotight that there was no obstacle in the 
way of the conquerors and no safety for the conquered, they 
sent ambassadors to Caesar. 

Cum victoribus nihil impedltum, victis nihil tutum arbi- 
trarentur, legates ad Caesarem miserunt. 

72 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 139-140 

4. The tower was higher than the wall. 
Turris quam murus altior erat, or Turris muro altior 
erat. 

139. VOCABULARY 

verbs Expectation, opini5, opinionis (f.) . 

Encourage, cohortor, i . Fierce > acer ' acris > acre ( ad >) ■ 

liaise, propono, 3, proposui, propo- 0n accollnt °f> P ro P ter <P re P- with 



situs. 



ace.). 



NOUNS, ETC. 



Train, exercito, i . Presence, praesentia, -ae (f.) . 

Short, brevis, -is, -e (adj.). 

Signal, signum, -i (n.). 

Standard, vexillum, -i (n.). 
An advance, successus, us (m.). Sudden, subitus, -a, -urn (adj.). 

Customary, usitatus, -a, -urn (adj.) . Trumpet, tuba, tubae (f.) . 

COMPOSITION 

140. Caesar, because the time was short, was hindered 
from giving the customary orders. Therefore, because the 
standard was not raised, the soldiers did not run to arms, 
and because the trumpet did not give the signal, the sol- 
diers did not come back from the 1 work on the fortifica- 
tions. Also, since the advance of the enemy was so sudden, 
Caesar had no time to encourage his men ; but the lieuten- 
ants, because the enemy were so near, did what seemed best 
to them, and the soldiers, because they had been trained in 
former battles, were able to do 2 what was necessary to 
be done. Caesar also, because the attack of the enemy 
seemed fiercer than he had expected, entered the line of 
battle himself, and the soldiers, because their leader seemed 
to be in danger, fought with the greatest bravery; but inas- 
much as the enemy had possession of the camp, the result 
of the battle was most uncertain. 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

i. Work on the fortifications, opus, -eris (n.). 

2. What was necessary to be done, quid fieri oporteret. See 190. 

73 



§§ 141-142] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

LESSON XX 

Clauses of Concession. The Third Cum. Ablative 
of Degree of Difference 

What is a clause of concession ? 

141. A clause of concession is a subordinate clause which 
denotes a fact in spite of which the action of the main 
clause takes place, will take place, or has taken place : 

Although he was in an unfavorable position, Caesar 
began the battle. 

Cum in iniquo loco esset, Caesar proelium commisit. 

How are concessive clauses expressed in Latin ? 

142. Concessive clauses are expressed by : 

1. Cum, although, though, with the subjunctive : 

Though these things are so, nevertheless he will make 
peace with them. 

Cum ea ita sint, tamen cum els pacem faciet. 

2. Etsi, even if, although, with the construction of prota- 
sis; 108: 

Although on account of their numbers they thought that 
they would fight successfully, still they tlwught it was 
safer, etc. 

Etsi propter multitudinem se tuto dimicaturos esse existi- 
mabant, tamen tutius esse arbitrabantur, . . . etc. 

3. Quamquam with the indicative, but only when the 
clause of concession is an admitted fact : 

Although he was covered with wounds, he fought bravely. 
Quamquam vulneribus confectus est, acriter pugnabat. 

74 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 143-144 

143. The Degree of Difference between one thing and 
another is expressed by the ablative case : 

The tower zv as five feet liigJier than the wall. 
Turris quinque pedibus altior muro erat. 

Caution. — Do not become confused between the ablative of com- 
parison and the ablative of degree of difference. The ablative of com- 
parison denotes the person or thing by which another is compared ; 
but the ablative of degree of difference denotes by how much one thing 
differs from another. In the sentence above, which is the ablative of 
comparison and which the ablative of degree of difference ? 

EXAMPLES 

144. In the following sentences point out the clauses of 
concession, account for the subordinate moods and tenses, 
and give reasons for all the ablatives : 

1. Although the Suevi had not been able to cast them out 
of their territories, nevertheless they made them tributary to 
them. 

Eos cum Suevi finibus expellere non potuissent, tamen 
vectigales sibi fecerunt. 

2. Though the zvinters are early in these places, neverthe- 
less he hastened to set out for Britain. 

Etsi in his locis maturae sunt hiemes, tamen in Britan- 
niam proficisci contendit. 

3. Although Caesar was a skillful general, he was almost 
conquered by the Nervii. 

Quamquam Caesar dux peritus erat, prope a Nerviis super- 
atus est. 

4. The infantry of the Nervii fought much better than 
the horsemen of the Gauls. 

Peditatus Nerviorum quam Gallorum equites multo fortius 
pugnabant. 

75 



§§ 145-146] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

145. VOCABULARY 
VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 

Be away, absum, abesse, abfui. At once, sine mora. 

Come to, advenio, 4, adveni, adven- Foot, pes, pedis (m.). 

tus. Inch, digitus, -i (m.). 

Repulse, repello, 3, reppuli, repul- Two, duo, duae, duo (num. adj.). 

sus . Unexpected, subitus, -a, -um (adj . ) . 

Take one's stand at, consisto ad Valor, virtus, -tutis (f.) . 

with ace. 

COMPOSITION 

146. Although each soldier 1 ought to have taken his 
stand at the standard of his own legion, still the time was 
so short that each man took his stand 2 at the first standard 
he came to. Although Caesar 1 ought to have encouraged 
the men, still the advance of the enemy was so unexpected 
that he had no time for a long speech, but at once gave 
the signal for battle. Then, however, although the Nervii 
were at the walls, he encouraged his soldiers to remember 
their former valor, not to fear the enemy, though these 
men were many inches taller than they, and with their 
usual bravery to repel the attack of the Nervii. Then he 
himself led the soldiers to battle though the enemy were 
only 3 twenty feet away. 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

1. Ought, translate by oportuit, it behooved, followed by accusative 
and infinitive : thus, it behooved the soldiers to, etc. 

2. At the first standards, ad prima signa. 

3. Ablative of degree of difference. 



7 6 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§ 147 

LESSON XXI 

Ablative Absolute 

For what purpose is an Ablative Absolute used ? 

147. A noun or a pronoun with a participle, or with an 
adjective, or with another noun, may be put into the 
ablative to denote : 

1. The time, 

2. The cause, 

3. The condition, or 

4. The attending circumstances, of an action. 

EXAMPLES 

1 . Caesar, when the Nervii had been conquered, returned 
to camp. 

Caesar, Nerviis superatis, se ad castra recepit. 

That is, Caesar, the Nervii having been conquered, re- 
turned to camp. 

2. Because they despaired of our success they hastened 



Desperatis nostris rebus, domum contenderunt. 

That is, Our fortunes being despaired of, they hastened 
home. 

3. He said that if Caesar were leader, they would over- 
come the Gauls. 

Dixit eos, Caesare imperante, Gallos superaturos esse. 

That is, Caesar being leader. 

4. In Caesar s presence the men fought bravely. 
Caesare praesente, milites fortiter pugnabant. 

77 



§ i 4 8] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

Example of a noun and an adjective : 
When a small part of the summer was left. 
Exigua parte aestatis reliqua. 
That is, A small part of the summer being left. 
Example of two nouns : 
Under the leadership of Boduognatus. 
Boduognato duce. 
That is, Boduognatus being leader. 

Note. — In these last two examples the present participle of the verb 
to be, being, is understood, as there is no form in Latin for the present 
participle of sum. 

148. How and when to use the Ablative Absolute. 

1. An Ablative Absolute requires a subject and a predicate of its 
own. Therefore never use the ablative absolute, unless it is possible 
to make out of the subordinate clause a subject and a predicate wholly 
separate from the subject and predicate of the main clause. 

Thus, the ablative absolute is impossible in : 

Caesar having returned to the province levied two legions : 

Impossible because Caesar is subject of both clauses. 

But in the sentence, They hastened home, because they despaired of our 
success, it is possible to use the ablative absolute, because the subordinate 
clause admits of a subject and a predicate separate from the main clause. 

Our success being despaired of they hastened home. 

2. When a participle is used with the ablative absolute, it is either 
the present active or the perfect participle passive which is used. 
Therefore, use the ablative absolute only when the present active or 
perfect participle passive can be used. 

In the sentence, When the Nervii had surrendered Caesar re- 
turned to camp, it is impossible to use the ablative absolute because 
there is no perfect active participle ; and the subordinate clause does 
not admit of a change into the passive, because the verb is intransitive. 
But when the verb is transitive, such a change is possible and an 
ablative absolute may be used : thus, in the sentence, Caesar, having 

78 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§ i 49 

demanded hostages, returned to camp* the subordinate clause can be 
changed into, hostages having been demanded, and so may be trans- 
lated by the ablative absolute. 

Note. — Here is manifest the usefulness of a deponent verb, because 
such a verb, having a perfect participle of transitive meaning, it is pos- 
sible to translate directly from English into Latin without making use 
of the ablative absolute or a temporal clause : 

Caesar, having encouraged the soldiers, gave the signal for battle. 
Caesar, cohortatus milites, signum proelii committendi dedit. 

But in the sentence, Caesar, having demanded hostages, rettimed to 
camp, as there is no perfect participle active, we are forced to use an 
ablative absolute in the passive or a temporal clause. 

EXAMPLES 

149. In the following sentences point out the ablative ab- 
solutes and show to which of the four kinds each belongs : 

1. When the battle had been renewed, they threw the 
enemy into flight. 

Redintegrate proelio, hostes in f ugam coniecerunt. 

2. Because the report had been confirmed, lie sent ahead 
the cavalry. 

Confirmata re, equitatum praemisit. 

3. He said that there was no condition of surrender if 
the arms were not handed over. 

Dixit deditionis nullam esse conditioner^ nisi armis 
traditis. 

4. This was the year when Gnaeus Pompey and Marcus 
Crassns were consuls. 

Qui fuit annus, Gnaeo Pompeio, Marco Crasso consulibus. 

5. The Nervii under the leadership of Boduognatus has- 
tened to that place. 

Nervii, duce Boduognato, ad eum locum contenderunt. 

79 



§§ 150-151] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



150. VOCABULARY 

verbs Military science ', res militaris (f.). 

Leave, relinquo, 3, rellqui, relictus. More, magis (comparative adv.) . 

Remain, remaneo, 2, remanci, re- Neither . . . nor, neque . . . neque. 

mansus. Regular, certus, -a, -urn (adj.). 



NOUNS, ETC. 

Destitute, vacuus, -a, -urn (adj.). 
Hedge, saepes, -is (f.). 



View, prospectus, -us (m.). 



COMPOSITION 

151. 2 Because the army had been drawn up more as the 
nature of the place than as military science demanded, he 
was unable to place regular reserves; and 1 because the 
view of the soldiers was hindered by hedges, he could not 
give all the commands himself. The soldiers,, however, 
fought most bravely, especially the men of the tenth legion, 
who, 2 when the Atrebates had been overcome, drove this 
part of the enemy's line down to the river. They pursued 
these men a little too far ; because 2 by their absence the 
left wing was left destitute of defenders and thus the Nervii 
were able to obtain possession of that part of our line; 3 a 
thing which they never could have done, 2 if the tenth 
legion had protected that flank. However, Caesar ran to 
that place, and 1 under his leadership the Nervii were 
driven back. 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC 

1. Translate by ablative absolute. 

2. By their absence, they being absent, ablative absolute. 

3. A thing which, id quod. 



80 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 152-155 

LESSON XXII 

Clauses of Characteristic. Ablative of Specifica- 
tion. Ablative after Vtor, etc. 

What is a clause of characteristic ? 

152. A clause of characteristic is a subordinate relative 
clause used to denote some peculiar quality of the subject 
or object of the clause on which it depends : 

There were only two roads by which they might emigrate. 
Erant omnino duo itinera, quibus itineribus exire possent. 

That is, there were other roads, but these two were the 
only ones which led out of their territories. 

How is a clause of characteristic expressed in Latin ? 

153. A relative clause of characteristic is introduced by 
some relative pronoun or adverb and takes its verb in the 
subjunctive. See the example above. 

154. A relative clause of characteristic is used after such 
expressions as : 

Sunt qui, There are some who, etc. 

Solus est qui, He is the only one who, etc. : 

There were some who blamed Caesar on account of his 

severity. 

Erant qui Caesarem acerbitatis incusarent. 

155. The ablative is used to point out that in respect to 
which anything is, or is done : 

FIRST LATIN WRITER — 6 8 I 



§§ JS 6 -^] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

They said that the Bellovaci were very strong both in 
valor and influence and number of men. 

Dixerunt Bellovacos plurimum et virtute et auctoritate 
et hominum numero valere. 

That is, they were strong in respect to valor, etc. 
This is called the Ablative of Specification. 

156. The Ablative of Means, instead of an object in the 
accusative, is used with the verbs utor, fruor, fungor, potior, 
and vescor : 

Caesar nsed the sajne men as guides, zvho, etc. 
Caesar isdem ducibus usus est, qui, etc. 

EXAMPLES 

157. In the following sentences point out the clauses 
of characteristic, account for all subjunctive tenses, and 
give reasons for all the ablatives : 

1. There was no reserve which could be sent as a 
reenforcement. 

Nullum erat subsidium quod summitti posset. 

2. They gathered them together into a place to which there 
zvas no access on account of the swamps. 

Eos in eum locum coniecerunt, quo propter paludes aditus 
non esset. 

3. This state zvas superior in the number of men. 
Haec civitas hominum multitudine praestabat. 

4. He ordered them to use their territories and towns. 
Suis finibus atque oppidis uti iussit. 

5. There were some who fled. 
Erant qui fugerent. - 

6. They are the only people who prevented the Cimbri 
from entering their territories. 

Soli sunt qui Cimbros intra suos fines ingredi prohibuerint. 

82 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



[§§ i5 8 - I 59 



I58. VOCABULARY 



VERBS 

Drive, compello, 3, compuli, com- 

pulsus. 
Excel, praecedo, 3, praecessi, prae- 

cessurus. 
Expose, nudo, 1 . 
Obtain possession of, potior, 4, po- 

titus sum. 
Pursue, persequor, 3, persecutes 

sum. 
Use, utor, utl, usus. 



NOUNS, ETC. 

Bravery, virtus, virtutis (f.). 
Eighth, octavus, -a, -um (adj.). 
Eleventh, undecimus, -a, -um 

(num. adj.). 
Embarrassed, impeditus, -a, -um 

(adj.). 
In front, a fronte. 
Higher, superior, superius (adj.). 
Left* sinister, sinistra, sinistrum 

(adj.). 
Never, numquam (adv.). 
Tenth, decimus, -a, -um (num. adj.). 
Weak, infirmus, -a, -um (adj.). 



COMPOSITION 

159. When the battle had begun the soldiers of the 
tenth legion, who excelled all others in bravery, drove the 
Atrebates from the higher position into the river. Then 
they used their swords and slew those of the enemy who 
were embarrassed by the water. The soldiers of the 
eleventh and eighth legion also put to flight the Viro- 
mandui, who were out of breath from 2 running, and pur- 
sued them to the river bank. There are some who say 
that if the eleventh legion had not pursued the enemy, but 
had, after putting the Viromandui to flight, remained in 
order to serve as a reserve, the Nervii would never have 
obtained possession of our camp. But because the camp, 
on account of the departure of these legions, was exposed 
on the left and front, the enemy under the leadership of 
Boduognatus, who was a most daring man, rushed against 
these places and reached the interior of the camp. 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

i. Ablative of cause. 



S3 



§§ 160-161] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

LESSON XXIII 
The Accusative and Ablative Classified 

160. I. Place. 

The Accusative is used to express : 

(a) Place to Which with the prepositions in, into, or 

ad, to : 
Ad eum locum. To that place. 

(b) Extent of Space without a preposition : 
He marched many miles. 

Multa milia passuum iter fecit. 

The Ablative is used to express : 

(a) Place Where with the preposition in, in. 
In eo loco, hi that place. 

(b) Place from Which with the prepositions ex or ab. 
Ab eo loco. From that place. 

Note. — Names of towns and small islands, domus, and rus, never 
have a preposition, and have a locative case (cf. 29) for Place Where. 

161. II. Time. 

The Accusative is used to express : 

Duration of Time without a preposition : 
They were harassed for many years. 
Exagitati sunt multos annos. 

The Ablative is used to express : 
Time When without a preposition : 

At dawn. Prima luce. 
Time Within Which : 

Within twenty days. Viginti diebus. 
84 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§ 162 

162. III. Uses of the Ablative. 
The ablative is used to express : 

1. Accompaniment with the preposition cum : 

They were in the swamps with the women and 

children. 
Cum pueris mulieribusque erant in paludibus. 
Note. — Cum is omitted in military phrases, e.g. omnibus copiis. 

2. Manner with the preposition cum : 

They zvent with great swiftness. 
Magna cum celeritate ierunt. 

Note. — Cum may be omitted if there is a limiting adjective. 

3. Means without a preposition : 

They cat them down with their szvords. 
Eos suls gladiis occiderunt. 

4. Agent after a passive verb with the preposition a or ab : 

He was sent by Caesar. Mittebatur a Caesare. 

5. Cause without a preposition : 

Breathless from running. Exanimatus cursu. 

6. Specification : 

A man distinguished for his valor. 
Vir insignis virtute. 

7. Quality with a limiting adjective: 

A man of the greatest nobility. 
Vir summa nobilitate. 

Note. — Genitive would do as well. 

8. Comparison without a preposition : 

The Romans are braver than the Gauls, 
Roman! fortiores sunt Gallls. 
85 



§§ 163-164] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

9. Degree of Difference : 

The Rhine is many feet wider than the Rhone. 
Rhenus latior multis pedibus quam Rhodanus. 

10. With utor, fruor, potior, fungor, vescor : 
They used their swords. Gladiis usi sunt. 

163. VOCABULARY 

VERBS Sally, excursio, excursionis (f.). 

Build, exstruo, 3, exstruxi, ex- Shed, vinea, vineae (f.). 
structus. Slow, tardus, -a, -um (adj.). 

NOUNS, ETC. S ° &<«*> tantUS ' -*> " Um ( ad i0 ' 

Frightened, permotus, -a, -um 

(adj.). 

COMPOSITION 

164. Caesar came with the greatest swiftness and ordered 
the soldiers to build a shed which should be five feet higher 
than the enemies* wall. The enemy, men of great courage, 
thereupon made a sally from their town in order to try to 
get possession of the camp of the Romans. But our men 
rushed out of the camp and attacked them with great fierce- 
ness, and although they excelled in the number of men, they 
were soon put to flight by our soldiers, and slowly, on ac- 
count of their wounds, returned home to their town. Then 
the sheds were driven up to the walls by the hands of our 
men, and when these reached the town, the townsmen were 
so frightened at the sight, because those in that town had 
never seen works of so great size, that they sent ambassa- 
dors to Caesar to say that they would surrender and would, 
on the next day, give up their arms ; that they had fought 
for many years, but had never seen works of such size, and 
that they therefore thought that the gods fought for the 
Romans. 

86 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 165-166 

LESSON XXIV 
Review of Lessons XIV to XVII Inclusive 

165. Questions: 

1. What is a conditional sentence ? 

2. How many clauses are there in a conditional sentence ? 
What is each clause called? 

3. How many kinds of condition are there in Latin ? 
What is each kind called ? 

4. What English words distinguish more vivid from less 
vivid future conditions ? 

5. How are the different conditions expressed in Latin ? 

6. How does indirect discourse affect conditions ? 

7. Is there any distinction between more vivid and less 
vivid future conditions in indirect discourse ? 

8. What is used for the apodosis in a future condition, 
or a contrary to fact condition in indirect discourse when 
there is no future participle of .the required verb? 

composition 

166. If the men had not been so crowded together, they 
would have been able to use their swords more easily, but 
the attack of the enemy had been so unexpected that they 
had no time to find the position of their own legions, and so 
took their stand at the first standards to which they came. 
Caesar therefore commanded the centurions to open up the 
maniples; "for," said he, "if these are opened up, the sol- 
diers will be able to make use of their weapons." Then a 
messenger ran to Caesar from another part of the line and 
said that Baculus had fallen, and that, unless he came with 
reinforcements to prevent it, the enemy would get posses- 

87 



§ 167] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

sion of that wing of the battle line. Caesar replied to this 
that, if the two legions in the rear of the baggage were pres- 
ent, he would send them as reinforcements ; but because 
these men had not yet reached camp, there were no reserves 
which could be sent. " All hope of safety stands in brav- 
ery alone," said he. " If Baculus is dead, then I am afraid 
1 the matter is in a critical state. I shall therefore come 
and lead you, for if the soldiers should see me in danger, 
they would fight bravely to preserve me." 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

I. A matter in a critical state, res in angusto. 



LESSON XXV 
Review of Lessons XVIII to XXIII Inclusive 

167. Questions : 

1. What sort of a clause is a temporal clause? How 
many kinds of temporal clauses are there ? How are they 
expressed in Latin ? 

2. What sort of a clause is a causal clause, a concessive 
clause ? How are such clauses expressed in Latin ? 

3. What do you know of the three uses of cum ? 

4. What is an ablative absolute ? When do you use it ? 
What does it consist of ? 

5. What is meant by a relative clause of characteristic? 
How is such a clause expressed in Latin ? 

6. How may comparison be expressed in Latin ? 

7. When may you not use the ablative of comparison ? 

8. What do you know of the uses of the ablative and 
accusative in connection with Time and Place ? 

9. Give ten uses of the ablative case. 

88 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 168-169 

l68. VOCABULARY 
VERBS NOUNS 

Announce, nuntio, 1. Camp follower, calo, calonis (m.). 

Despair of, despero, 1 . Multitude, multitudo, multitudi- 

Look back, respicio, 3, respexi, re- nis (f.). 

spectus. Terrified, perterritus,-a, -um (adj.) . 

Outnumber, numero supero, 1. Victor, victor, victoris, (m.). 
Plunder, praedor, 1. 
Press hard, premo, 3, press!, pres- 

sus. 

COMPOSITION 

169. The camp followers, because they had seen that 
our men, as victors, had crossed the river, came out of 
camp to plunder the enemy. But when they looked back 
and saw that the enemy were in our camp, they 1 com- 
mitted themselves to headlong flight. Also, when the 
men, who were coming with the baggage, perceived the 
enemy, they fled, terrified, because they had no weapons. 

2 When the camp followers had been put to flight, 2 when 
the enemy were in possession of our camp, and 2 the legions 
hard pressed, the horsemen of the Treviri, 2 because they 
despaired of our fortunes, hastened home, and announced 
to their state that the Nervii were stronger than the Ro- 
mans both in courage and number of men ; that they out- 
numbered the Romans by ten thousand men ; and that 
they had overwhelmed Caesar, although he had used all 
his forces in the battle. 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

1 . Committed themselves to headlong flight, praecipites f ugae sese 
mandabant, i.e. headlong they, etc. 

2. Use ablative absolute. 



89 



PART III 



LESSON XXVI 

Independent Subjunctives. Hortatory and Optative 

Subjunctive 

I. What is the Hortatory Subjunctive ? 

170. The Hortatory Subjunctive is a main clause used 
to denote : 

1. Exhortation. 

2. Command. 

3. Prohibition (see Lesson XXVII). 

Notes. — 1. The second person only is used in prohibitions. 

2. The present subjunctive is generally used. 

3. The negative of the Hortatory Subjunctive is ne. 

EXAMPLES 

Exhortation : 

Let us go to the camp. 

Eamus ad castra. 

Let us ?iot go to the camp. 

Ne ad castra eamus. 
Command : 

Let Labienus do this. 

Labienus hoc faciat. 

For second person in commands and prohibitions, see the next lesson. 

90 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 171-172 

II. For what is the Optative Subjunctive used? 

171. The Optative Subjunctive is a main clause used to 
express a wish. 

Notes. — 1. This subjunctive is usually preceded by utinam, would 
that, oh that, and unless it is preceded by utinam the imperfect or plu- 
perfect must not be used. 

2. The perfect subjunctive is never used in the optative subjunctive. 

3. The present subjunctive denotes the wish as possible : 

Oh, that our soldiers may be brave. 
Vtinam nostri fortes sint. 

The imperfect denotes the wish as impossible of fulfillment in present 

time : 

Would that Caesar were here. 

Vtinam Caesar adesset. 

The pluperfect denotes the wish as unaccomplished in past time: 
Would that Caesar had been present. 
Vtinam Caesar adfuisset. 

Can not the verbs, volo, / wish, nolo, / am unwilling, 
malo, I prefer, cupio, / desire, etc., be used to introduce 
the expression of a wish ? 

172. Volo, etc., may be used to introduce the expression 
of a wish. 

These verbs take the following construction : 

1. If there is no change of subject the infinitive is used : 

Caesar wished that he had been present. 
Caesar voluit se adfuisse. 

2. If there is a change of subject, ut with subjunctive 
should be used. 

We zvislied that Caesar had been present. 
Voluimus ut Caesar adfuisset. 

Note. — Volo and cupio, how T ever, can regularly take the infinitive 
even when there is a change of subject. 

91 



§§ 173-175] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

EXAMPLES 

173. Account for all the subjunctives and their tenses 
in the following sentences : 

1. Let us return home and fight in our own country. 
Revertamur domum et in nostris finibus decertemus. 

2. Let Diviciacus keep the bands of the enemy apart. 
Diviciacus manus hostium distineat. 

3. Would that the cavalry had not fled ! 
Vtinam equites ne f ugissent ! 

4. Oh, that Labienus would look back ! 
Vtinam Labienus respiciat ! 

5. Would that the regular legions were here ! 
Vtinam certae legiones adessent ! 

6. He wished to go to those nations and explore those 
regions. 

Eas nationes adire et regiones cognoscere volebat 

7. He wished that Labienus would return. 
Volebat ut Labienus reverteretur. 

174. VOCABULARY 
VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 

Charge, signa infero, inferre, in- Recklessly, temere (adv.). 

tuli, inlatus. Seventh, septimus, -a, -um (num. 

Come together, sese coniungo, 3, adj.). 

coniunxi, coniunctus. Too far, paulo longius. 
Cry out, exclamo, 1. 
Die, morior, mori, mortuus sum. 

COMPOSITION 

175- Caesar, when he saw that the seventh legion was 
hard pressed by the enemy, cried out to the centurions, 

92 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 176-177 

" Let the legions come together and charge the enemy. 
Let us not fear that we shall be surrounded by the Nervii, 
but let us resist more bravely and fight more boldly. Would 
that Labienus would look back and send us reinforcements. 
He has pursued the Atrebates too far, and recklessly wishes 
to gain possession of the camp of the enemy. Would that 
the Nervii would yield or that the two legions, who are in 
the rear, would come to help us ! Let us however be un- 
willing to yield, but let us prefer to die 2 rather than be 
conquered." 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

I. Rather than, potius quam. 



LESSON XXVII 

Imperative. Commands. Prohibitions. Dative of Ser- 
vice and Double Dative 

For what is the imperative mood used ? 

176. The imperative mood is used to express a com- 
mand ; but : 

177. A negative command, i.e. a prohibition, is put into 
the hortatory subjunctive with ne, or more usually is ex- 
pressed by the imperative of nolo (noli, plural nolite), be 
unwilling, and the infinitive; sometimes also cave, beware 
of, with the subjunctive may be used. 

Notes. — 1. Only the second person of the imperative is commonly 
used ; for the third person of command use the Hortatory Subjunctive. 

2. The present imperative is mainly used. If there is a distinct 
reference to future time the future imperative may be rarely used. 

93 



§§ 178-179] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

EXAMPLES 

In the following sentences point out the imperatives and 
subjunctives and give the reasons for their use : 

1. Jump down, fellow-soldiers, unless yoit wish to hand 
over the eagle to the enemy. 

Desilite commilitones, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus pro- 
dere ! 

2. Do not J land over the eagle to the enemy. 

Nolite aquilam hostibus prodere; (or) Ne prodatis aquilam 
hostibus ; (or) Cavete aquilam hostium prodatis. 

3. Send Labienns to Caesar to-morrow. 
Cras mittito ad Caesarem Labienum. 

What is the effect of indirect discourse upon the horta- 
tory subjunctive and the imperative? 

178. In indirect discourse the imperative is changed 
into the subjunctive, and the hortatory subjunctive remains 
in the subjunctive. 

In indirect discourse prohibitions are always in the sub- 
junctive with ne. Noll and cave must not be used. 

1. Precatur commilitones desiliant nisi velint aquilam 
hostibus prodere. 

2. Precatur ne aquilam hostibus prodant. 

3. Precatur cras Labienum ad Caesarem mittat 

179. Dative of Service or Purpose. 

The dative is used to show that for which something 
serves : 

The Jiorsemen came as a reenforcement. 

Equites auxilio venerunt, i.e. for a help. 
94 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 1S0-181 

This dative is most frequently used in what has been aptly called 
the Double Dative construction; that is, where the person or thing 
that is benefited or hampered by the service is also in the dative : 

The soldiers were a guard to the baggage. 

Milites praesidio impedimentis erant, i.e. served for a guard to . . . 

He saw that they hindered one another in fighting. 

Ips5s sibi esse ad pugnam impedimento vidit. 

l80. VOCABULARY 

VERBS NOUNS 

Drive out, expello, 3, expuli, ex- Disgrace, turpitudo, turpitudinis 

pulsus. (f.). 

Set free, to free, libero, 1. Return, reditus, -us (m.). 
Wipe out, deleo, 2, delevi, deletus. 

COMPOSITION 

181. Labienus looked back and saw that Caesar was 
hard pressed. He therefore sent the tenth legion as a 
help to Caesar. " Go with great swiftness," he com- 
manded, "free the general from danger, and drive out 
the Nervii from the camp. Do not delay, but run a at full 
speed. Do not let the enemy have the victory, but show 
2 your usual courage and the battle will be yours." The 
leader of our horse said that the cavalry had been put to 
flight, but that if the tenth legion should return the cavalry 
were also to run back and help Caesar; that they were 
not to be afraid to return, but were to go and wipe out the 
disgrace of their flight by their valor. 

When these reinforcements arrived, the attack of the 
enemy was checked, and they were driven out of the camp 
of the Romans. 

PHRASES 

1 . At full speed, incitato cursii. 

2 . Your usual courage, vestram virtutem. 

95 



§§ 182-184] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

LESSON XXVIII 
Direct Questions. Dative of Possession 

In what mood is a direct question ? 

182. A direct question is ordinarily in the indicative 
mood. 

notes. — i . A simple question has usually the enclitic -ne added to 
the emphatic word : 

Is Caesar in the camp ? 
Estne Caesar in castris ? 

2. A question which expects the answer " yes " is introduced by the 
negative nonne, is not f 

Is not Caesar a skillful general? 
Nonne Caesar dux peritus est ? 

3. A question which expects the answer " no " is introduced by num : 

The Gauls did not conquer the Romans, did they f 
Num Galli Romanos superaverunt ? 

What is a double question ? 

183. A double question is one that asks which of two 
supposed cases is the true one. In Latin the first case 
is usually preceded by utrum, whether, and the second by 
an, or: 

Are the Romans or the Gauls the braver? 

Utrum Roman! an Galli f ortiores sunt ? 

184. Questions are also introduced by interrogative par- 
ticles. 

The most usual of these are : 

1. The pronouns : 

Quis? quae? quid? who? which? what? 
96 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 185-186 

2. Pronominal adjectives : 

Quantus, -a, -urn ? how great ? 
Qualis, -e ? of what sort ? 

3. Interrogative adverbs : 

Vbi ? when ? Vnde ? whence ? 

Quo? whither? Quot ? how many? 

Qua ? where ? Vtrum ? whether ? 

4. The adjective: 

Vter, utra, utrum, which (of two) ? 

185. The dative is used with the verb sum, to denote 
possession : 

Merchants have no access to them. 

Nullus aditus est ad eos mercatoribus, i.e. there is no 
admission for merchants. 

186. EXAMPLES 

1. What sort of states are they ? 
Quales civitates sunt ? 

2. Is Labienns with Caesar? 
Estne Labienus cum Caesare ? 

3. Did not the soldiers have weapons ? 
Nonne arma militibus erant ? 

4. The Treviri did not say that Caesar had conquered 

the Nervii, did they ? 

Num Treviri dicebant Caesarem Nervios superavisse ? 

5 . Whither are you going ? Quo vadis ? 

FIRST LATIN WRITER — J <^J 



§§ 187-189] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

187. VOCABULARY 
NOUNS, ETC. 

Hindrance ', impeditum, -1 (n.). Merchants, mercator, mercatoris 

Question, quaestio, quaestionis (f.). (m.). 

Why f quid ? 

COMPOSITION 

188. Caesar before the battle had asked the Haedui 
these questions : " What sort of people are the Nervii ? 
How great are their resources ? Why do the merchants 
have no access to them ? How many soldiers have they? 
Do they intend to take their stand on this side of the river, 
or will they not rather cross the river and there await my 
coming? Whither will they flee if they are conquered ? " 
The Haedui had at this time answered that the Nervii 
were the bravest men in Gaul ; that they were unwilling 
that the merchants should bring them wine; that they 
would await Caesar's arrival on the other side of the river. 

LESSON XXIX 

Indirect Questions. Partitive Genitive 

What is the difference between direct and indirect ques- 
tions ? 

189. A direct question gives the exact words of the 
question : 

Is Caesar in the camp ? 
But in an indirect question the words of the questioner are 
quoted : 

He asks if Caesar is in the camp. 

Note. — The Latins extended the idea of indirect question to such 
an extent, that wherever an interrogative word (see 184) is used, though 
there may have been no direct question, the indirect question construc- 
tion follows. 

98 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 190-192 

What is the construction of an indirect question ? 

190. An indirect question is introduced by some inter- 
rogative particle, is put into the subjunctive mood, and its 
tense depends on the following rules : 

1. If the time of the indirect question is present, use 
the present subjunctive. 

2. If the time of the indirect question is past and the 
introducing verb is primary, use the perfect subjunctive. 

3. If the introducing verb is secondary, use the im- 
perfect subjunctive for repeated action, the pluperfect for 
completed action. 

EXAMPLES 

He asks what I am doing. Rogat quid f aciat. 
He asks what I did. Rogat quid fecerit. 
He asked what I was doing. Rogavit quid facerem. 
He asked what I had done. Rogavit quid fecissem. 

4. If the time indicated by the indirect question is 
future, then a paraphrase must be used, consisting of the 
future participle, and the proper person of sim, if the in- 
troducing verb is primary, and of essem, if the introducing 
verb is secondary : 

He asks what I shall do. Rogat quid facturus sim. 

He asked what I should do. Rogavit quid facturus essem. 

191. The whole to which a part belongs is denoted by 
the genitive. 

Part of the soldiers, pars militum. 

EXAMPLES 

192. In the following sentences give reasons for all sub- 
junctives and their tenses : 

l- 99 



§ i 9 3] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

1. When he asked what states there were, how powerful 
they were, and what they could do in war, he found out, etc. 

Cum quaereret quae civitates, quantaeque in armis essent, 
et quid in bello possent, reperiebat, etc. 

2. Because they knew how great a calamity they had 
brought upon their state, etc. 

Quod intellegerent quantam calamitatem civitati intulis- 
sent, etc. 

3. Caesar asks why Labienus does not come. 
Caesar rogat qua de causa Labienus non veniat. 

4. He did not know whether the reinforcements would come. 
Non solvit utrum subsidia ventura essent. 

COMPOSITION 

193. Caesar before the battle had asked the Haedui 
what sort of people the Nervii were, how powerful they 
were in arms, and how many states had conspired with 
them. He wished at that time also to know whether the 
enemy would await his arrival on this side of the river, 
or would go across it. He knew what the surrendered 
Gauls had told the Nervii, and therefore wished to find 
out where to expect the attack of this tribe. The Haedui 
at that time had answered, that the Nervii were the 
bravest men in Gaul ; that they had collected together all 
of their fighting men because they knew how powerful the 
Romans were in war; that it would therefore be some 
1 trouble to conquer them, especially because each one of 
the tribe knew what he was doing when he had consented 
to fight against the Romans. 

PHRASES, NOTES, ETC. 

1. Trouble, partitive genitive, i.e. something of trouble. 
Note. — Review Lesson XXXV may be studied here. 

IOO 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 194-195 

LESSON XXX 

Periphrastic Conjugations. Dative of Agent 

What are the periphrastic conjugations and when are 
they used? 

194. There are two periphrastic conjugations. 

1. The first periphrastic conj ugation consists of the future 
participle of the verb required, with some tense of the verb 
sum, meaning : 

be about to . . . 

be on the point of . . . 

He is about to die. Moriturus est. 

He was about to die. Moriturus erat, etc. 

NOTES 

i . We have already studied four uses of this periphrastic conjugation : 

(a) The future infinitive in indirect discourse. See 17. 

(b) The future condition in indirect discourse. See 112 and 113. 

(c) Contrary to fact condition in indirect discourse. See 118 and 
119. 

(d) Future indirect question. See 190, 4. 

2. This conjugation is most frequently used in the infinitive. 

195. II. The second periphrastic conjugation consists 
of the gerundive and some tense of the verb sum, and de- 
notes what must, should, or ought to be done : 

All things must be done by Caesar. Omnia Caesari agenda 
sunt. 

All things should have been done by Caesar. Omnia 
Caesari agenda erant. 

All things will have to be done by Caesar. Omnia Caesari 
agenda erunt. 

101 



§§ 196-197] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

196. After the gerundive, instead of the ablative of the 
agent with a or ab, we must use the dative of the agent. 
See Caesarl, in the examples above. 

EXAMPLES 

197. In the following sentences point out the first and 
second periphrastic conjugations and account for the 
datives : 

1. They thought that the Romans had no knowledge of 
the shoals or islands of those places where they were about 
to wage war. 

Existimabant Romanos eorum locorum ubi bellum gesturi 
essent, neque vada neque insulas novisse. 

2. He said that he would do that which he had done in 
the case of the Nervii. 

Dixit se id quod in Nerviis fecisset facturum esse. 

3. They had thought that our men would draw off the 
guard or would keep it carelessly. 

111! nostros praesidia deducturos aut indiligentius serva- 
turos crediderant. 

4. He keeps apart the bands of tJie enemy so that he may 
not have to fight with so great a multitude at one time. 

Manus hostium distinct ne cum tanta multitudine sibi 
uno tempore confligendum sit. 

5. The Nenrii thought that the plan ought not to be dis- 
re garde d by them. 

Non omittendum sibi consilium Nervii existimaverunt. 

6. The signal had to be given on the trumpet. 

Signum tuba dandum erat. 

102 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 198-199 

I98. VOCABULARY 
VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 

Gather, confero, 3, contuli, conla- Mound, agger, aggeris (m.). 

tus. Sight, visus, visus (m.). 

Laugh at, inrided, 2, inrisi, inrisus. Terrifi ed, perterritus, -a, -um (adj.). 
Withdraw, se recipio, 3, recepi, 

receptus. 

COMPOSITION 

199. Caesar was about to return into the province when 
he heard that the Aduatuci had gathered all their forces 
into one town, and there awaited the coming of the Ro- 
mans. He thought therefore that he a ought to conquer 
this tribe before he went home. 

On his arrival the Aduatuci were about to attack him, 
when they became afraid and withdrew into the town, in 
order that they 1 might not have to fight with Caesar. 

Therefore sheds had to be built, a tower had to be con- 
structed, and a mound thrown up by the Romans, in order 
that they might take the town by storm. 

2 When these things had been done, the Aduatuci were 
on the point of laughing at the Romans because they had 
built so great engines of war 3 at so great a distance; 
but when they saw that the tower and sheds were mov- 
ing toward their walls, terrified at the sight, they thought 
that they 2 ought to send ambassadors to Caesar to ask 
for peace. When Caesar had listened to these men, he 
said that hostages must be sent to him and that all the 
arms must be handed over. 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

i. Use the gerundive. 

2. Ablative Absolute. 

3. At so great a distance, tanto spatio. 

IO3 



§§ 200-20I] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

LESSON XXXI 

Participles and Gerund 

The participles are : 

Present Active. Perfect Passive. 

Future Active. Gerundive. 

200. The future active participle, as we have seen, is 
usually used in the periphrastic conjugation. It remains, 
therefore, to study the use of the other three. 

201. I. The present and perfect participles may be used 
in agreement with the subject or object of a verb instead 
of a subordinate clause to denote : 

1. Time. 

2. Cause. 

3. Attending circumstance of an action. 

4. Condition. 

examples 

1. Time: 

When they had delayed a little near the town and had 
laid waste the fields of the Remi, they hastened to Caesar s 
camp. 

Paulisper apud oppidum morati, agrosque Remorum de- 
populate ad castra Caesaris contenderunt. 

He came upon them zvhile they were fighting. 
Els pugnantibus occurrit. 

2. Cause : 

The horsemen of the Treviri, because they were terrified 
by all these things, hastened home. 

Quibus omnibus rebus permoti equites Treviri domum 
contenderunt. 

104 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 202-203 

3. Attendant circumstance : 

The women, holding out their hands, sought peace from 
the Romans. 

Mulieres, passis manibus, pacem ab Romanis petierunt. 

4. Condition : 

He said that if lie were asked lie would encourage the 
soldiers. 

Dixit se rogatum milites cohortaturum esse. 

202. II. The present and perfect participles are often 
used like adjectives. 

The mind of the enemy was so set upon fighting that, etc. 

Hostium tarn paratus ad dimicandum erat animus ut, etc. 

They had minds of very little stability. 

Animos minime resistentes habuerunt. 

Note. — There is no active perfect participle, and therefore this defi- 
ciency is made good by a temporal clause, or by an ablative absolute. 
See 148, 2. But a deponent verb having an active meaning and a per- 
fect participle has a form which corresponds in meaning to the English 
perfect participle active. 

Having said this, he returned to camp. 
His dictis (or cum haec dixisset) se ad castra recepit. 
But: 

Having encouraged the soldiers, he returned to ca7np. 
Cohortatus milites se ad castra recepit. 

203. The gerundive is used : 

1. In the periphrastic conjugation. See 194. 

2. As an adjective. 

He gave the signal for beginning battle. 
Signum committendi proelii dedit. 

3. With ad to denote purpose. See 50. 

105 



§§ 20 4 -2o6] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

204. Gerund is : 

1. Used with ad to denote purpose. See 50. 

2. A noun and may be used as one in its cases. 

If a beginning of crossing should be made by them. 
SI ab illis initium transeundl fieret. 

205. VOCABULARY 
NOUNS VERB 

Beginning, initium, i (n.). Deprive, despolio, 1, with ablative. 

Safety, saliis, salutis (f.). 

COMPOSITION 

Note. — In this composition translate the temporal, causal, condi- 
tional, and attendant circumstance clauses by a participle. 

206. Caesar when he had encouraged his men gave the 
signal for beginning battle. Because the mind of the 
enemy was not 1 set upon fighting, they were soon repulsed 
and driven back into their town. Then, sending ambassa- 
dors to Caesar, they say that they will surrender, and ask 
him not to deprive them 2 of their arms. " For," say they, 
"if our arms are taken away, we shall be unable to defend 
ourselves from our enemies." The ambassadors receive 
this reply from Caesar, that he will receive their surrender, 
when their arms are handed over to him, but that he will 
grant no terms of surrender unless they give up their arms. 
Therefore the Aduatuci, because they see no hope of safety, 
surrendering their arms, accept Caesar's terms. 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

1 . Set upon, paratus ad. 

2. Of their arms, armis, ablative after despolio. 



106 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 207-210 

LESSON XXXII 
Some Uses of the Present and Imperfect Tenses 

207. In expressions of duration of time the present tense 
is used when an action is denoted, which, begun in the 
past, is continued in the present. Such clauses are most 
frequently introduced by, iam diu, iam dudum, etc. : 

Caesar has fought with the Gauls for a long time. 

Iam diu Caesar cum Gallis pugnat. 
But: 

If the action to be denoted was begun in and continued 
in past time, the imperfect is used : 

Caesar had fought with the Gauls for a long time. 

Caesar iam diu cum Gallis contendebat. 

208. Dum, meaning while, is used in the present indica- 
tive, where the English usually has the imperfect : 

While these things were going on, Caesar was in Gaul. 

Dum haec geruntur, Caesar in Gallia erat. 

209. The imperfect usually denotes continued or re- 
peated action : 

Many reports were brought to him, and he was continu- 
ally informed by the letters of Labienus that all the Bel- 
gians were conspiring. 

Crebri ad eum rumores adferebantur, litterisque Labieni 
certior fiebat omnis Belgas inter se coniurare. 

EXAMPLES 

210. Account for the use of the present and imperfect 
in the following sentences : 

107 



§§2ii-2i2] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

1. Now for many years the Gauls had desired new forms 
of govei'nment. 

Galli iam multos annos novis imperils studebant. 

2. For a long time the Gauls have desired new forms of 
government. 

Iam diu Galli novis imperils student. 

3. While the tenth legion was pursuing the Atrebates, the 
Nervii gained possession of our camp. 

Dum legio decima Atrebates prosequuntur, Nervii nostris 
castris potiebantur. 

4. They kept on pursuing the enemy for many miles. 
Hostes multa milia passuum prosequebantur. 

211. VOCABULARY 

VERBS NOUNS 

Break in, refringo, 3, refregi, re- Fortification, munitio, muni- 

fractus. tionis (f.). 

Keep within, se contineo, 2, con- Gate, porta, -ae (f.). 

tinui, contentus. Redoubt, castellum, -i (n.). 

Sell, vendo, 3, vendidi, venditus. 
Throw back, reicio, 3, reieci, re- 

iectus. 

COMPOSITION 

212. The Aduatuci had for a long time kept within the 
town, so that Caesar thought that they had accepted the 
terms of peace. But suddenly, while our men were in 
camp, they made a sally against that part of our fortifica- 
tions which seemed the weakest. Our men ran out quickly 
from the nearest redoubts in order to repel the attack, and 
fought with the enemy for many hours in that place. At 
length, 1 when many thousands of them had been killed, 

108 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 213-216 

the enemy were thrown back into the town. On the next 
day, x when the gates had been broken into, while our men 
were marching into the town, their senate came to Caesar 
and kept on asking him to preserve them. But to these 
Caesar said, " Now for a long time you have resisted me, 
and have kept me here for many days, when I 2 ought to 
have been in the province, and also you have attacked me 
after you had surrendered ; therefore I shall sell you and 
the whole town." 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

i . Translate by ablative absolute. 
2. Oportet with infinitive. 



LESSON XXXIII 

Uses of the Genitive 

213. The genitive is the case of the possessor. 
Caesar s army. Exercitus Caesaris. 

214. The genitive is used with an adjective to describe 
the peculiar quality of some one or some thing. 

A man of great courage. Vir magnae virtu tis. 

215. The genitive is used to describe the material of 
which a thing consists or is made. 

A hedge of boughs. Saepes ramorum. 

216. The whole to which a part belongs is denoted by 
the partitive genitive. 

Part of the foot soldiers. Pars peditum. 

No distance, nothing of distance. Nihil spatii. 

109 



§§ 217-218] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

217. The subjective genitive is used when, if there was 
a predicate, the genitive would be the subject. 

A father's love. Amor patris. 
Here, if there were a predicate, father would be subject, 
e.g. the love which the father feels. 

218. The objective genitive is used after: 

1. Nouns that have a transitive sense. 

The horsemen of the Treviri, whose reputation for valor, etc. 
Equites Treviri, quorum opinio virtutis, etc. 
Thanksgiving to the gods. Supplicatio deorum. 
Desire for power. Cupiditas regni. 

2. Verbs and adjectives of : 
{a) Memory and forgetfulness. 
Mindful of his former valor. 
Suae pristinae virtutis memor. 

If he should consent to disregard the old affront. 
Si veteris contumeliae oblivisci vellet. 

(b) Power or weakness. 
Able to rule. Potens imperii. 

A race having no control of its own affairs. 
Gens impotens suarum rerum. 

(c) Knowledge or ignorance. 

Our men were altogether unacquainted with this kind of 
fighting. 

Nostri huius omnino generis pugnae imperiti erant. 

If the Roman people had been aware of any harm doing, 
etc. 

Si Romanus populus alicuius iniuriae conscius, etc. 

1 10 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 219-220 

(d) Innocence or guilt. 
Guiltless of his brother s death. 
Insons fraterni sanguinis. 

Guilty of conspiracy. Noxius coniurationis. 

(e) Charge or penalty, after verbs of condemnation or 
acquittal. 

Vercingetorix was accused of treachery. 

Vercingetorix proditionis insimulatus est. 

He was condemned to death. 

Capitis damnatus est. 

219. The genitive also follows certain words : 

Causa and gratia, for the sake of, e.g. hiemandi causa, to 

winter. 

Instar, like, e.g. saepes instar muri, a hedge like a wall. 

Postridie, day after, e.g. postridie eius diei, the day after 
that day. 

220. VOCABULARY 

verbs Desirous, cupidus, -a, -um (adj.). 

Accuse, incuso, i . Du ^ offlcium ' A < n -> • 

Condemn, damn5, I. Former > V^tima, -a, -um (adj.). 

Disregard, be forgetful of, obli- Guil ^ noxius ' " a > " um ( ad J->- 

viscor, 3, oblitus sum. Mindful of, memor, memoris 

Leave, relinquo, 3, reliqui, relictus. ( ad J0 • 

Be in possession of, potior, 4, poti- deputation, opinio, opinionis (f.). 

tus sum, with genitive. Rest * otium ~ l ( n ')' 

Sagacity, consilium, -i (n.). 

Some . . . others, alii . . . alii. 
nouns, etc. Treachery, proditio, proditionis 

The chief command, summa im- (f.). 

peri. Unequaled, singularis, -is, -e 

Desire, cupiditas, cupiditatis (f.). (adj.). 

Ill 



§§ 221-222] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

COMPOSITION 

221. On the day after that day, Caesar, thinking that 
he was in possession of all Gaul, departed for the province 
with the desire for rest. He took some of the soldiers 
with him and left the others with Labienus, — a man of 
the greatest sagacity, and 1 one who had an unequalled repu- 
tation for valor, — because he was desirous of the chief 
command. On the day of his departure, Caesar had ad- 
dressed the soldiers, saying, that he hoped that they, 

2 during his absence, would be mindful of their duty 

3 toward him and Labienus, and that, if they were at- 
tacked, they would not be forgetful of their former valor ; 
that he hoped also that none of them would be guilty of 
treachery, and that if any one was accused of this crime, 
he would condemn him to death. 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

i. One who, qui (characteristic). 

2. During his absence, eo absente. 

3. Towards him, dative. 



LESSON XXXIV 

Uses of the Dative 

222. The dative is the case of the object indirectly 
affected by the action of a verb : 

He gives a book to the boy or He gives the boy a book. 

In this sentence book is the direct object and boy the 
indirect, and therefore dative. 

Librum puero dat. 

112 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 223-224 

Also: 

He answered Ariovistus, i.e. He answered to Ariovistus : 

Ariovisto respondit. 

Note. — If, however, motion is expressed, the accusative with ad or 
in must be used ; see 12 : 

He sent Labienus to Caesar. 
Labienum ad Caesarem misit. 

223. The verbs of most common use that take the dative 
of indirect object are : — 

I. 

Credo, / believe, I trust in : He trusted Caesar ', Caesari 
credidit. 

Ignosco, / pardon: He pardoned the Bellovaci, Bel- 
lovacis ignovit. 

Impero, I command : He commanded him, ei imperavit. 

Parco, / spare : He spared the women, mulieribus pepercit. 

Pareo, / obey : He obeyed Caesar, Caesari paruit. 

Persuadeo, / persuade : He persuades Diviciacus , Divl- 
ciaco persuadet. 

Resisto, / withstand: He withstood the enemy, hostibus 
restitit. 

Studeo, / desire: He desires new government, novis 
rebus studet. 

And others. 

224. II. Verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, in, 
inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, super, are followed by the 
dative of the indirect object if the meaning of the com- 
pound requires : 

Titnrius was in command of the redoubt, 

Titurius castello praeerat. 
But: 

FIRST LATIN WRITER — 8 I I 3 



§§ 225-226] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

Fear took possession of their minds. 
Timor animos praeoccupavit. 

Then the difficulty is to know when to use the dative and when not. 

A useful rule, although it has many exceptions, is that if in the Eng- 
lish the compound verb is divided into a verb and a preposition, then 
use the dative, otherwise not : 

The redoubt over which Titurius presided was behind the camp. 

Post castra erat castellum cui Titurius praeerat. 
But: 

They confessed their sins. Delicta confess! sunt. 

225. Adjectives that take the dative are those of: 

1. Nearness: 

The Senones were the neighbors of the Belgae. 
Senones finitimi Belgis erant. 

2. Likeness : 

The setting out zvas very much like a flight, 
Profectio consimilis fugae erat. 

3. Fitness : 

A place suitable for a camp. 
Locus idoneus castris. 

226. Dative with nouns. 

1. Dative of service : 

They came as an aid to the soldiers. 
Militibus auxilio venerunt 

2. Dative of agent after the gerundive: 
All things had to be done by Caesar. 
Omnia Caesari agenda erant. 

3. Dative of possession with sum : 
The merchants had no access to them. 
Els aditus mercatoribus non erat. 

114 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 227-228 

227. VOCABULARY 
VERBS NOUNS 

Be desirous of, studeo, 2, studui, Beast of burden, iumentum, -i(n.). 

, with dative. Character, natura, -ae (f.). 

Betray, prodo, 3, prodidi, proditus. Conqueror, victor, victoris (m.). 
Obey, be obedient to, pareo, 2. Fickle, instabilis, -e (adj.). 

Pardon, ignosco, 3, ignovi, ignotus, Fitted, suited, apt us, -a, -urn (adj.). 

, with dative. Fitted, suited, idoneus, -a, -urn 

Preside over, praesum, praeesse, (adj.). 

praefui. 
Resist, withstand, resistd, 3, re- 

stiti, , with dative. 

Spare, parco, 3, peperci, , 

with dative. 

COMPOSITION 

228. The Gauls are men of fickle mind, who are always 
desirous of new governments. They do not easily obey a 
conqueror, and will only follow one of their own leaders, if 
he is able to persuade them to do what he commands them. 
They will withstand an enemy bravely until they are over- 
whelmed, and then, if they surrender, and the victor spares 
them, and pardons them, in a few months they will con- 
spire to overthrow him. To their own chiefs, who preside 
over them, they are obedient, if their rulers are fitted in 
mind and character for the supreme power. They will 
never pardon a prince who, like Dumnorix, betrays them. 
! They have good horses and beasts of burden, which are 
of great use to them for war, and serve as a help to those 
who, when conquered, wish to flee. 



NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
I. Translate by dative of possession. 

115 



§§ 229-231] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

LESSON XXXV 
Review of Lessons XXVI to XXIX Inclusive 

229. Questions : 

1. What is meant by independent subjunctives? For 
what are they used ? 

2. Is there any other way of expressing a wish except 
by the optative subjunctive? 

3. What is the imperative mood used for ? 

4. How do you express a prohibition in Latin ? 

5. What is the difference between a direct and an indi- 
rect question ? How are they expressed in Latin ? How 
many interrogative words can you give ? What is a double 
question ? How is it expressed in Latin ? 

6. What is a dative of possession ? A double dative ? 
Partitive genitive ? 

230. VOCABULARY 
VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 

Arrest, retineo, 2, retinui, retentus. Among, inter (prep, with ace). 

Drive back, send back, remitto, 3, Council, concilium, -i (n.). 

remisi, remissus. Forefathers, maiores, maiorum 
Reduce, redigo, 3, redegi, redactus. (m.). 

Remain, permaned, 2, permansi, Grain, frumentum, i (n.). 

permansus. Liberty, libertas, libertatis (f.). 

Slavery, servitus, servitiitis (f.). 

COMPOSITION 

231. When the ambassadors came to the Veneti to de- 
mand grain, the Veneti called a council and said among 
themselves : " Let us not send grain to Crassus, let us rather 
arrest these envoys, and send this message to Crassus, 'If 
you want your ambassadors, send us back our hostages/ 

116 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§ 232 

Would that the Romans had not come into Gaul and re- 
duced us to slavery ! O that we were able to withstand 
them ! Nevertheless, this is the time to try what we can 
do. We know how strong Crassus is, we know how brave 
Caesar's soldiers are, and we have seen what sort of weap- 
ons the Romans use. Nevertheless, let us try to drive them 
back into the province. Let us not be afraid. Let us 
obtain our liberty. Shall we not fight ? Do we prefer to 
endure the Roman slavery, or to remain in the liberty 
which we have received from our forefathers ? " 

Having said these things they arrested the envoys and 
sent a messenger to Crassus, who said, " O Crassus, send 
us back our hostages. Do not attempt to fight with us, 
for if you make war on us, we know what we shall do, and 
you will never conquer us." 

LESSON XXXVI 
Review of Lessons XXX to XXXIV Inclusive 

232. Questions : 

1. What are the two periphrastic conjugations? What 
do they mean ? How is the agent expressed after the 
gerundive ? 

2. What are the most usual uses of the participles and 
the gerund ? 

3. What do you know of the tenses which follow expres- 
sions of duration of time ? 

4. After what sort of nouns, adjectives, and verbs is the 
genitive used ? Can you give any other genitives ? 

5. What is the dative the case of ? What sort of verbs 
and adjectives take the dative? 

6. What do you know of the dative in connection with 
service ? agent ? possession ? 

117 



§§ 2 ZZ-2M~\ A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

233. VOCABULARY 
VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 

Be present, adsum, adesse, adfui, Naval, navalis, -e (adj.). 

adfuturus. Ship, navis, navis (f.). 

Delay, moror, morari, moratus Supplies, copiae, -arum (f,). 

sum. 
Navigate, navigo, 1 . 
Strike camp, castra moveo, 2, 

mo vi, motus. 
Suffer, patior, pati. passus sum. 

COMPOSITION 

234. Caesar, x when he saw that the Veneti were about 
to arrest his ambassadors and were on the point of mak- 
ing war upon him, thought that he 2 ought not to delay, but 
should immediately march against them. Therefore he 
called Brutus, a man suited to a naval command, and said 
to him, " 3 You must prepare ships, get together those sup- 
plies which are of use for ships, and enrol sailors from 
those harbors which are nearest to the Veneti." 4 When 
Brutus had gone, 1 because he thought that if 4 he were 
present the other tribes would not join the Veneti, Caesar 
immediately struck camp. When he had been marching 
for a long time, a messenger came from the Veneti, who 
said to Caesar, "For a long time, O Caesar, we have borne 
the slavery of the Romans ; but now, since the desire for 
freedom is great, our leaders have persuaded us to fight 
against the Roman people. Having arrested your envoys, 
we have condemned them to death, and the generals have 
commanded me to say that they will not pardon your am- 
bassadors, unless you send back the hostages you have 
taken from us. Moreover, mindful of your former sever- 
ity, and because they know that 5 if they are conquered 
they will be killed, the Veneti will resist you most bravely." 

118 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 235-236 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

1. Translate by a present participle. 

2. Translate, it ought not to be delayed by him (gerundive). 

3. Translate, ships mast be prepared by you, sailors must be en- 
rolled, etc. 

4. Ablative Absolute. 

5. Translate by perfect participle passive. 

LESSON XXXVII 
Harvard Entrance Examination, 1894 

235. The Usipetes and Tencteri, German tribes, were so 
persecuted by the Suevi that they were compelled to 
abandon their homes, and wandered about for many years 
in the vain search for a new abode. Finally they came to 
the river Rhine with the design of crossing into Gaul. 
But the Menapii, who dwelt on both banks of the river at 
that point, were alarmed at the approach of such an im- 
mense host ; and transporting all their property across the 
river, they posted troops on the farther bank to keep the 
Germans from crossing. The latter, having no ships, re- 
sorted to a trick : they withdrew from the river, pretending 
to return to their own country ; but when the Menapians, 
deceived by their departure, had come back to their homes, 
they suddenly turned, and surprising them by a rapid 
march, massacred them all, and seized their ships. 

APPENDIX I 
Main and Subordinate Clauses. The First Concord 

236. A simple sentence consists of a subject and a 
predicate : 

Caesar conquered the Gauls. Caesar Gallos vicit 

119 



§§ 237-239] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

237. But the subject or the predicate may be modified 
by a clause : 

Caesar, who was a skillful general, conquered the Gauls, 
who had rebelled. 

In this sentence, therefore, Caesar conquered the Gauls 
is the main clause, because it is that part of the sentence 
which makes an independent statement, while who was a 
skillful general and who had rebelled are called subordinate 
clauses because they modify the subject and object respec- 
tively of the main clause. 

A subordinate clause is ahvays introduced by a subordi- 
nate conjunction or by a relative. 

238. A sentence may contain more than one main 
statement ; if so, these main clauses are connected by a 
coordinate conjunction; but each of these clauses is an 
independent statement and does not modify the other : 

Caesar went to Gaul, but Crassus stayed at Rome. 
Caesar in Galliam profectus est, sed Crassus Romae 
remansit. 

Therefore : 

A main clause is an independent statement, question, or 
command : 

Caesar zvent to Gaul. 

A subordinate clause is a clause which modifies the state- 
ment of the main clause : 

Caesar, who was a skillful general, went to Gaul. 

239. The first Concord or The first rule of Agreement. 
A noun which is used to describe another noun, agrees 

with the noun it describes in case : 
Caesar, the general. Caesar dux. 

120 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 240-243 

240. There are two kinds of these descriptive nouns. 
I. Appositives, II. Predicate Nominatives. 

241. I. Appositives. 

When a noun describes another noun, and a verb does not 
come between it and the noun it describes, the descriptive 
noun is said to be in Apposition with the noun it describes. 

Caesar, the consul, did this. Caesar, consul, hoc fecit. 
This was done by Caesar the consul. 
Hoc a Caesare consule factum est. 

Note. — A noun in Apposition may be used in Latin in some cases 
when in English we would have a subordinate clause. 

Caesar ; when he was consul, did this. Caesar, consul, hoc fecit. 

Diviciacus, who was the most powerful man in Gazd, was king of 
the Suessiones. 

Diviciacus, totius Galliae potentissimus, Suessionum rex fuit. 

But: 

242. II. If a verb comes between the descriptive noun 
and the noun described, the descriptive noun is said to be 
in Predicate Nominative with the noun described. 

Caesar was the consul of the Romans. 
Caesar erat Romanorum consul. 

Note i . — Predicate nominative is used usually with the following 
verbs : to be, sum ; to become^ be made, fio ; to appear, appareo ; and 
passives. 

Note 2. — A predicate nominative which agrees with two or more 
singular nouns is put into the plural. 

Crassus and Labienus were the lieutenants of Caesar. 

Crassus et Labienus legati Caesaris erant. 

EXAMPLES 

243. In the following sentences point out the main and 
subordinate clauses, the Appositives, and Predicate Nomi- 
natives : 

121 



§ 244] 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



1. Labienns and Crass its , when they were young men, 
were the lieutenants of Caesar. 

Labienus et Crassus, adulescentes, Caesaris legati erant. 

2. The Nervii and Aduatuci, Gallic tribes , conspired 
against Caesar, the general of the Romans. 

Nervii Aduatucique, gentes Gallicae, contra Caesarem, 
imperatorem Romanorum, coniuraverunt. 

3. The man who came to Caesar was Icciics, a Gaid. 
Vir qui ad Caesarem venit Iccius Gallus erat. 

4. The Gauls fought many battles with Labienus and 
Crassus, who, when they were young men, had been the lieu- 
tenants of Caesar. 

Galll multas pugnas cum Labieno et Crasso, qui, adules- 
centes, fuerant Caesaris legati, pugnabant. 



244. VOCABULARY 



VERBS 

Be, sum, esse, fui, futurus. 
Come, venio, 4, veni, ventus. 
Conquer, supero, 1. 
Have, habeo, 2. 

Live, incolo, 3, incolui, . 

Know, cognosco, 3, cognovi, co 

gnitus. 
March, iter facio, 3, feci, factus. 
Sail, navigo, 1. 
Send, mitto, 3, misi, missus. 
Teach, doceo, 2, docui, doctus. 

NOUNS, ETC. 

Against, contra (prep, with ace.) 
And so, itaque. 
Boy, puer, -1 (m.). 



Consul, consul, consulis (m.). 

Fro?n, ab (prep, with abl.). 

Gallic, Gallicus, -a, -um (adj.). 

General, imperator, imperatoris 
(m.). 

Island, insula, -ae (f.). 

Lieutenant, legatus, -i (m.). 

Many, multus, -a, -um (adj.). 

Navigation, navigatio, naviga- 
tions (f.). 

Near, prope (prep, with ace). 

Ocean, oceanus, -i (m.). 

Sea, mare, maris (n.). 

Skillful, peritus, -a, -um (adj.) 

To, ad (prep, with ace). 

Tribe, gens, gentis (f.). 

With, cum (prep, with abl.). 
122 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 245-248 

COMPOSITION 

245. Caesar, a skillful general, who had been consul, 
was sent to Gaul. He conquered the Nervii and Adua- 
tuci, Gallic tribes, and marched against the Veneti, with 
his lieutenants Labienus and Crassus, who had come to 
him from Italy. The Veneti were a tribe who lived near 
the sea. They had many ships, in which they sailed to 
Britain, an island in the ocean. These men, 2 when they 
were boys, had been taught navigation, and so 2 when 
they became men they knew x all about ships. 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

1. All about, omnia de with ablative. 

2. Appositive. 

APPENDIX II 

The Second and Third Concords 

The Second Concord. Agreement of Adjectives. 

246. An adjective agrees with the noun it limits in gen- 
der, number, and case : 

A good man, to a good zuoman, of a good gift. 
Bonus vir, bonae feminae, boni doni. 

247. Participles and adjective pronouns also agree with 
the noun they limit in gender, number, and case : 

His army was conquered. Suus exercitus victus est. 

248. An adjective in agreement with the subject of a 
verb may be used like an adverb : 

He came joyfully. Laetus venit. 

He came unwillingly. In Vitus venit. 

He was the first to come. Primus venit, i.e. he came the 

first. 

123 



§§ 249-250] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

249. The Third Concord. Agreement of the Relative. 

A relative agrees with its Antecedent in gender and num- 
ber, but its case depends on the construction of the clause 
in which it stands : 

He sent the men to Caesar, who was in GauL 

Milites ad Caesarem, qui in Gallia erat, mlsit. 

Here qui is masculine and singular because its anteced- 
ent Caesarem is masculine and singular ; but qui is nomi- 
native because it is the subject of erat and is not accusative 
in agreement with Caesarem. 

But: 

If there is an appositive or predicate nominative in the 
relative clause, the relative will agree with that appositive 
or predicate nominative rather than with its antecedent : 

Rome, which is the capital of Italy, is a great city, 
Roma, quod est Italiae caput, urbs magna est. 

Here quod although it refers to Roma agrees with caput, 
because caput is in the predicate nominative within the 
relative clause. 

EXAMPLES 

250. In the following sentences point out the adjectives 
and show the nouns with which they agree; point out the 
relatives and account for their gender, number, and case. 

1. Caesar was a good general and a clever commander. 
Caesar erat bonus dux et imperator peritus. 

2. Rome, a great city, was the most powerful town in 
the world. 

Roma, urbs magna, erat oppidum totius or bis potentissimum. 

124 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 251-252 

3. The Net viz sent ambassadors, who were the best 
men of the state. 

Nervii legatos, qui primi civitatis erant, miserunt 

4. The horses, which were good beasts of burden, were 
killed. 

Equi, quae erant iumenta bona, occisi sunt. 

251. VOCABULARY 

verbs Brave, fortis, forte (adj.). 

„ . -. /iri \ r 11 Cavalry, equitatus, -us (m.). 

Begin, coepi, -isse (defective), toll. ^ 7 • 7 y ' * . j ) / 

t -r Children, liben, -orum (c). 

by mfin. 



Fight, pugno, 1 
Go, eo, ire, ii, itum. 



Z 7 ^/ soldiers, pedes, p edit is (m.). 
Forest, silva, -ae (f.) . 



. ' ' , „ . - - . Fortified, munitus, -a, -um (adj.). 

J/^<? w^r on, bellum mfero, in- J > - t \ 

ferre, intuli, inlatus, with dative. 'I „ , ? , ,. ^ 

... ._ - . . Joyful, laetus, -a, -um (adj.). 

Place, comcio, 3, conieci, coniectus. J / J 9 . ' ' v } J 

„ u ! -. . , , - _A?v, laetitia, -ae (f.). 

i°«/ to flight, fugo, 1. -;/' ' . v y . 

y a Marsh, aestuanum, -1 (n.). 

Others, ceteri, -ae, -a (adj.). 

NOUNS, ETC. r ^ oppidum? .j (n>) . 

Always, semper (adv.). Swamp, palus, paliidis (f.). 

Amongst, inter (prep, with ace). 7>rr^^,perterritus,-a,-um(adj.). 

Battle, pugna -ae (f.). Woman, mulier, mulieris (f.). 



COMPOSITION 

252. The Nervii, who lived in the forests, were the 
bravest men in Gaul. They had no good horses, but their 
foot soldiers were brave men and were able to put to. flight 
the cavalry of those who fought with them. Their town, 
which was a fortified city, 1 was situated amongst swamps 
and marshes. In this city they place the terrified women 
and little children, and then 2 go into battle. They were 
the. first to make war upon the Romans, and they fought 
joyfully. The other Gauls always made war unwillingly, 

.125 



§§ 253-254] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

but the Nervii, who are a brave tribe, begin to fight 3 with 
the greatest joy. 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

1. Was situated, positum est. 

2. To go into battle, ad pugnam ire. 

3. With the gr 'eat 'est joy, cum maxima laetitia. 

APPENDIX III 

The Fourth Concord. Rules of Order 

253. the fourth concord 

A verb agrees with its subject nominative in number 
and person. If there are two or more subjects, the verb 
is plural. If these subjects are of different persons, then: 

If one of the subjects is first person, the verb is first 
person plural. 

If there is no first person, and one of the subjects is sec- 
ond person, the verb is second person. 

You and I will go. Ego et tu ibimus. 

You and Caesar will go. Tu et Caesar ibitis. 

Caesar and Crassus zvill go. Caesar et Crassus Ibunt. 

254. SOME SIMPLE RULES OF ORDER 

1. Place the verb of the main clause last. 

Caesar was sent to Gaul. Caesar ad Galliam missus est. 

2. Place the most important word first, and the next 
most important word next, and so on. 

Caesar ad Galliam missus est. 
Here the word Caesar has the place of importance, show- 
ing that it was he and no one else who was sent to Gaul ; 

126 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§ 255 

but in the sentence Ad Galliam Caesar missus est, the phrase 
ad Galliam has the place of importance, showing that it was 
there and nowhere else that Caesar was sent. 

3. In a subordinate clause put the subordinate verb last 
in its own clause, put the introducing conjunction or rela- 
tive first, then the word of most importance in the subor- 
dinate clause, and so on. Place the subordinate clause as 
near as possible to the word it modifies, but if the whole 
main clause is modified by the subordinate clause and the 
subordinate clause is more important than the main clause, 
put the subordinate clause first. 

Caesar, who is a skillful general, has conquered the Gauls, 
Caesar, qui dux peritus est, Gallos superavit. 

But: 

When he had conquered the Gauls he went to Rome. 
Cum Gallos superavisset, Romam profectus est. 

4. Place a preposition before its noun, an adjective 
before its noun (as a general rule), and the negative be- 
fore the verb. 

He did not come with great speed. 
Magna cum celeritate non venit 

EXAMPLES 

255. In the following sentences account for the person 
of the verbs, and give reasons for the order of the words : 

1. Those who have been the leaders of this plan have fled 
into Britain. 

EI qui eius consili principes fuerunt in Britanniam profu- 
gerunt. 

2. He came to the town and pitched his camp there. 
Ad oppidum venit castraque ibl posuit. 

127 



§§ 256-257] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 

3. The Gauls, terrified by the size of works which they 
had neither seen nor heard of before, sent ambassadors to 
Caesar. 

Galli, magnitudine operum quae neque viderant neque 
ante audierant perterriti, legates ad Caesarem miserunt. 

256. VOCABULARY 
verbs Duty, officium, -1 (n.). 

Govern, administro, 1. Law i lex > 1§ S is ( f -)- 

Hold habeo 2. Proconsul, proconsul, proconsulis 
Pacify, paco, 1. ( m -)- 

Rule, xegb, 3. Province, provincia, -ae (f.). 

Senate, senatus, -us (m.). 

nouns, etc. Time, tempus, temporis (n.). 

After, postquam (adv.). Whole, totus, -a, -um (adj.). 

Capital city, caput, capitis (n.). Wisely, sapienter (adj.). 

Chief power, imperium, -1 (n.) . World, orbis, orbis. 

COMPOSITION 

257. Rome, which is the capital of Italy, was the great- 
est city of the world in the time of Caesar. The chief 
power was held x by two consuls, who 2 with the senate 
made laws and ruled the people. 

After a man had been consul he was sent 3 into a prov- 
ince as proconsul. The duty of the proconsul was to gov- 
ern the people of his province, and to conquer them 4 when 
they rebelled. 

So Caesar went into Gaul as proconsul. He governed 
wisely, pacified the whole country, and 5 made it tributary 
to Rome. 

NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 

1. By, a with ablative. 

2. With, cum with ablative. 

3. Into, in with accusative. 

4. When they rebelled, cum deficerent. 

5. To make tributary to, vectigalis facere with dative. 

128 



VOCABULARY 



Abandon, desero, 3, deserui, desertus. 
Able, possum, posse, potui, , 

with the complementary infinitive. 

Abode, domus, -us (f.). 

About, concerning, de (prep, with 
ablative); — adv. circiter ; bring 
about, see bring ; be about, see 194. 

Absence, absentia, -ae (f.) ; in his ab- 
sence, he being absent, eo absente 
(ablative absolute). 

Accept, accipio, 3, accepi, acceptus. 

Access, aditus, -us (m.). 

Accord, one's own, ultro (adv.). 

According to, in accordance with, 
translate by ablative of manner. 

Account, on account of, propter (prep, 
with accusative) ; or translate by ab- 
lative of cause. 

Accuse, insimulo, 1, with genitive of 
the charge. 

Across, trans (prep, with accusative). 

Address, adloquor, 3, adlocutus sum, 
appelld, 1. 

Aduatuci, Aduatuci, -orum (m.), 
plural noun. 

Advance, successus, -US (m.). 

Advance, progredior, 3, progressus 
sum. 

Advise, moneo, 2, with substantive 
purpose clause. 

Afraid, be, vereor, 2, veritus sum, 
with substantive purpose clause. 



After, post (adv.); postquam (adv.). 
Again, iterum (adv.). 
Against, contra (prep, with accusa- 
tive); in (prep, with accusative). 
Ago, long time, see long. 
Ahead, send, see send. 
Aid, auxilium, -1 (n.), subsidium, 

-l (n.). 
Alarm, commoveo, 2, commovi, 

commotus. 
All, omnis, omnis, omne (adj.). 
Allow, sino, 3, sivi, situs, usually 

with substantive purpose clause; 

patior, 3, passus sum, usually with 

infinitive. 
Ally, socius, -1 (m.). 
Alone, solus, -a, -um (adj.); as adv. 

solum. 
Also, etiam (adv.) ; not oitly . . . but 

also, non solum . . . sed etiam. 
Although, etsi, with protasis; cum, 

with subjunctive; quamquam, with 

indicative. 
Ahvays, semper (adv.) . 
Ambassador, legatus, -I (m.). 
Ambush, insidiae, -arum (f.), plural 

noun. 
Among, inter (prep, with accusa- 
tive). 
Amount, great amount of, magnus 

numerus, with genitive. 
And, et, enclitic -que, atque, ac. 
And so, itaque 



FIRST LATIN WRITER 9 



129 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



Announce, to, renuntio, i, followed by 
indirect discourse. 

Another, alter, altera, alterum (adj.). 

Answer, respondeo, 2, respond!, re- 
sponsus, followed by indirect dis- 
course. 

Any longer, longius (comp. adv.). 

Anyone, quis, quae, quid, or quis- 
quam, quaequam, quidquam. 

Apart, keep, see keep. 

Approach, aditus, -us (m.), or ad- 
ventus, -us (m.). 

Approach, to, advenio, 4, adveni, ad- 
ventus. 

Archer, Sagittarius, -1 (m.). 

Ari7is, arma, -orum (n.), plural noun; 
under arms, in armis ; run to arms, 
see run. 

Army, exercitus, -us (m.). 

Arrangement, ordo, ordinis (m.). 

Arrange, draw up, to, instruo, 3, in- 
struxi, instructus; constituo, 3, 
constitui, constitutus. 

Arrest, comprehendo, 3, compre- 
hend!, comprehensus. 

Arrive, advenio, adveni, adventus. 

Arrival, adventus, -us (m.). 

As, ut, with indicative ; — follozvs, 
sic (adv.); — tongas, quoad (conj.). 

Ask, ask for, rogo, 1, with accusative 
of person and accusative of thing; 
peto, 3, petii, petitus, with a or ab 
and ablative of person and accusa- 
tive of thing ; quaer5, 3, quaesivi, 
quaesitus, with de, ex, or ab and 
ablative of person and accusative of 
thing. 

Assert, confirmo, 1, followed by indi- 
rect discourse. 

At, ablative of place where with in, 
or locative case; at, in the sense of 



near, ad with accusative; — length, 

denique (adv.); —once, without 

delay, sine mora. 
Atrebates, Atrebates, -um (m.), plural 

noun. 
Attack, impetus, -us (m.). 
Attack, impetum facere, feci, factus 

(in), or adgredior, 3, adgressus. 
Attempt, conor, 1, conatus sum. 
Authority, auctoritas, auctoritatis (f.). 
Await, exspecto, 1. 
Away, be, absum, abesse, abfui, 

abfuturus; take — , see take. 



Back, see under come, drive, lead, and 
look. 

Baggage, impedimenta, -orum (n.), 
plural noun. 

Band of men, manus, -us (f.). 

Bank, ripa, -ae (f.). 

Battle, pugna, -ae (f.) ; proelium, -i 
(n.) ; battle line or line of — , acies, 
-ei (f.); begin — , proelium com- 
mittere. 

Be, sum, esse, fui, futurus. 

Be away, absum, abesse, abfui, ab- 
futurus ; — in flight, fugio, 3, 
fugi, fugiturus; — in possession of, 
potior, potiri, potitus sum, with 
ablative, but sometimes with geni- 
tive. 

Bear, fero, f erre, tuli, latus. 

Beast of burden, iumentum, -1 (n.). 

Because, quod, quia, quoniam, or 
cum with subjunctive ; because of, 
translate by ablative of cause. 

Become, f io, fieri, factus sum ; — 
afraid, vereor, veritus sum. 

Before, ante (adv. or prep, with accu- 
sative). 



I30 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



Begin, coepi, coepisse, defective verb 
only used in perfect tenses and fol- 
lowed by indirect discourse ; begin 
battle, see battle. 

Beginning, initium, -I (n.). 

Belgae, Belgae, -arum (m.), plural 
noun. 

Bellovaci, Bellovaci, -orum (m.), plu- 
ral noun. 



oppugno, i. 

Best, seem, see seem. 

Betray, prodo, 3, prodidl, proditus. 

Between, inter (prep, with accusative). 

Bibrax, Bibrax, -actis (f.). 

Boduognatus, Boduognatus, -1 (m.). 

Boldly, audaciter (adv.). 

Both, ambo, -ae, -0; uterque, utraque, 
utrumque; both . . . and, et . . . 
et. 

Bowman, Sagittarius, -I (m.). 

Boy, puer, pueri (m.). 

Bratuspantium, Bratuspantium, -1 
(n.). 

Brave, fortis, fortis, forte (adj.). 

Bravely, fortiter (adv.). 

Bravery, virtus, -utis (f.). 

Break in, refringo, 3, refregi, re- 
fractus ; — into, intro, 1. 

Breath, out of breath, exanimatus, -a, 
-um (adj.). 

Bring, f ero, ferre, tuli, latus; — about, 
efficio, 3, effeci, effectus, or f acio, 3, 
feci, factus, followed by ut and sub- 
junctive of result. 

Bring up, conduc5, 3, conduxl, con- 
ductus (of soldiers) ; (sheds) ago, 
agere, egi, actus; — upon, infero, 
inferre, intuli, inlatus; — together, 
conduco, 3, conduxi, conductus. 

Britain, Britannia, -ae (£)• 

Brutus, Brutus, 1 (m.). 

I 



Build, to, exstruo, 3, exstruxi, ex- 
structus; aedifico, 1. 

Burden, beasts of, see beast. 

But, sed, autem (postpositive); — 

also, sed etiam; — that, quin, with 

subjunctive, after verbs of doubting. 
By, a or ab, with the ablative of the 

agent ; otherwise express by the 

ablative. 



Caesar, Caesar, -aris (m.). 

Call, appello, 1. 

Camp, castra, -orum (n.), plural noun; 

pitch — , castra pono, 3, posui, 

positus; strike — , castra moved, 

2, movi, motus. 
Camp follower, cal5, calonis (m.). 
Ca?t, be able, possum, posse, potui, 

, followed by complementary 

infinitive. 
Capital city, caput, capitis (n.). 
Captive, captivus, -i (m.). 
Capture, expugno, 1; capio, 3, cepi, 

captus. 
Care, cura, -ae (f.). 
Cavalry, equitatus, -us (m.). 
Cavalry, equester, equestris, equestre 

(adj.). 
Centurion, centurio, centurionis (m.). 
Character, natura, -ae (f.). 
Charge, signa infero, inferre, intuli, 

inlatus, with dative. 
Charge of, have, be in command of, 

praesum, praeesse, praefui, with 

dative. 
Check, tardo, 1. 

Chief, princeps, principis (m.). 
Chief command ox power, summa (ae 

[f.]) imperi. 
Children, liberi, -orum, plural noun. 

31 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



City, urbs, urbis (f.). 

Clamor, clamor, clam5ris (m.). 

Clemency, dementia, -ae (f.). 

Collect, conligd, 3, conlegi, conlectus. 

Collect together, conf ero, conf erre, con- 
tuli, conlatiis. 

Come, venio, 4, veni, ventus; — back, 
redeo, 4, redii, reditus; — between, 
intervenio, 4, interveni, interven- 
tus; — out of, exeb, 4, exii, exitus; 
— up, advenio, 4, adveni, adven- 
tus; — upon, invenio, 4, inveni, 
inventus ; — to, adeo, 4, adii, adi- 
tus ; — together, convenio, 4, con- 
veni, conventus. 

Coming, adventus, -us (m.). 

Command, mandatum, -1 (n.) ; im- 
perium, -1; supreme — , summa (ae 
[f.J) imperi; be in — of, praesum, 
praeesse, praef ui ; to — , iubeo, 2, 
iussi, iussus, with infinitive ; im- 
pero, 1, with purpose clause and 
dative. 

Commit oneself , committo, 3, commisi, 
commissus, with reflexive and da- 
tive. 

Common, communis, communis, com- 
mune (adj.). 

Compel, cog5, 3, coegi, coactus. 

Concerning, de (prep, with ablative). 

Condemn, damno, 1, with genitive of 
penalty. 

Condition, condicio, condicionis (f.). 

Conquer, vinco, 3, vici, victus ; su- 
pero, 1. 

Conqueror, victor, victoris (m.). 

Consent, consentio, 4. 

Conspire, coniiiro, I. 

Constrtict, exstruo, 3, exstruxi, ex- 
structus. 

Consul, consul, consulis (m.). 

13 



Council, concilium, -I (n.). 
Country, rus, ruris (n.), terra, -ae (f.); 

meaning fatherland, patria, -ae (f.). 
Courage, virtus, virtutis (f.). 
Covering, tegimentum, -i (n.). 
Coward, ignavus, -i (m.). 
Crassus, Crassus, -l (m.). 
Crime, noxia, -ae (f.). 
Critical, matter in a — state, res in 

angusto. 
Cross, transeo, 4, transii, transitus. 
Crozuded together, conf ertus, -a, -um 

(adj.). 
Cry out, exclamo, 1. 
Cultivate, colo, 3, colui, cultus. 
Custom, consuetudo, consuetudi- 

nis (f.). 
Customary, usitatus, -a, -um (adj.). 

D 

Danger, periculum, -1 (n.). 
Dare, aude5, 2, ausus sum. 
Daring, audax, -acis (adj.). 
Dawn, prima luce, i.e. at dawn. 
Day, dies, die! (m.); on the — after 

that — , postridie eius diei ; space 

of three — , see space. 
Dead, be, morior, 3, mortuus sum. 
Death, condemn to, capitis damno 

(1). 
Deceive, fall5, 3, fefelli, falsus. 
Decide, constituo, 3, constitui, con- 

stitutus, with infinitive. 
Deed, factum, -1 (n.). 
Defeat, clades, -is (f.). 
Defeat, to, fugo, I ; supero, 1. 
Defend, defendo, 3, defend!, de- 

fensus. 
Defender, defensor, defensoris (m.). 
Delay, mora, -ae (f.). 
Delay, to, moror, 1, moratus sum. 

2 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



Demand, postul5, I, with ace. of 

thing and ab with abl. of person; 

posco, 3, poposci, . 

Depart, proficiscor, 3, profectus 

sum. 
Departure, profectio, profectionis 

(f.). 
Deprive, despolio, 1, with ablative. 
Descended from, be, orior, 4, ortus sum. 
Deserted, desertus, -a, -urn (adj.). 
Deserter, desertor, desertoris (m.). 
Design, consilium, -1 ; with the — of, 

eo consilio, followed by ut with 

subjunctive. 
Desire, cupiditas, cupiditatis (f.). 
Desirous, cupidus, -a, -um (adj.). 
Desirous of, be, studeo, 2, studui, , 

with dative. 
Despair, despair of, to, despero, 1. 
Destitute of, vacuus, -a, -um (adj.), 

with ab and the ablative. 
Destroy, deleo, 2, delevi, deletus. 
Determine, constituo, 3, COnstitui, 

constitutus, with infinitive. 
Die, morior, 3, mortuus sum (future 

participle moriturus). 
Difficult, difficilis, -e (adj.). 
Disaster, calamitas, calamitatis (f.). 
Disgrace, turpitudo, turpitu- 

dinis (f.). 
Distance, spatium, -1 (n.). 
Disturb, perturbo, 1. 
Diviciacus, Diviciacus, -1 (m.). 
Divide, divido, 3, divisi, divisus. 
Do, facio, 3, feci, factus; ago, 3, egl, 

actus. 
Done, be, become, fI5, fieri, f actus 

sum. 
Doubt, dubium, -1 (n.). 
Doubt, to, dubito, 1, with quin and the 

subjunctive. 

I 



Down, run, decurro, 3, decucurri, 
decursus ; drive — , see drive. 

Draw off, detraho, 3, detraxi, detrac- 
tus. 

Draw up, instruo, 3, instruxi, 
instructus. 

Drive, ago, 3, egi, actus ; — back, 
repello, 3, reppuli, repulsus ; — 
reicio, 3, reieci, reiectus ; — down, 
deicio, 3, deieci, deiectus ; — out, 
expello, 3, expuli, expulsus ; — 
tip, adigo, 3, adegi, adactus ; — 
together, COgo, 3, coegi, coactus. 

Dumnorix, Dumnorix, Dumno- 
rigis (m.). 

Duty, officium, -1 (n.). 

Dwell, incolo, 3, incolui, . 



Each, each one, uterque, utraque, 
utrumque (adj.); each other, from, 
translate by the one from the other, 
alius ab alio. 

Easily, facile (adv.). 

Easy thing, to be an, non quicquam 
negoti esse 

Eighth, octavus, -a, -um (num. 
adj.). 

Elders, maiores, maiSrum (m). 

Eleventh, undecimus, -a, -um (num. 
adj.). 

Embarrassed, impeditus, -a, -um 
(adj.). 

Employed in, be, versor, 1. 

Encourage, cohortor, 1. 

Endure, patior, 3, passus sum. 

E7temy, hostis, -is (c). 

Engine of war, machinatio, machi- 
nationis (f.); siege — , opus, ope- 
ns (n.). 

Enough, satis (adj.). 

33 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



Enrol, conscribo, 3, conscripsi, con- 

scriptus. 
Enter, ingredior, 3, ingressus sum. 
Envoy, legatus, -1 (m.). 
Escape, effugio, 3, effugi, effugiturus. 
Especially, praesertim (adv.). 
Even, etiam (adv.). 
Ever, unquam (adv.). 
Excel, antecedo, 3, antecessi, ante- 

cessus. 
Expect, exspecto, 1. 
Expectation, opinio, opinionis, (f.). 
Exposed, nudatus, -a, -urn (adj.). 



Fall, cado, 3, cecidi, casus. 

Fall into, incido, 3, incidi, incasurus. 

Far, too, paulo longius (adv.). 

Farther, ulterior, -ius (comp. adj.). 

Favorable, secundus, -a, -urn (adj.). 

Fear, timor, timoris (m.). 

Fear, to, vereor, 2, veritus sum, with 
substantive purpose clause. 

Few, paucus, -a, -um (adj.). 

Fickle, instabilis, -is, -e (adj.). 

Field, ager, agri (m.). 

Fierce, acer, acris, acre (adj.). 

Fierceness, ferocia, ae (f.). 

Fiercely, acriter (adv.). 

Fifty, quinquaginta (indecl. num. 
adj.). 

Fight, pugna, -ae (f.), proelium, -i 
(n.). 

Fight, to, pugno, 1 ; contendo, 3, con- 
tend!, contentus, and cum with 
ablative. 

Fighting man, armatus, -1 (m.). 

Finally, denique (adv.). 

Find, to, invenio, 4, inveni, inventus ; 
— out, reperio, 4, repperi, repertus, 

I 



usually followed by indirect dis- 
course. 

Fire, ignis, -is (m.). 

First, primus, -a, -um (adj.). 

First men, primi, -Drum (m.). 

Fitted, aptus, -a, -um (adj.); idoneus, 
-a, -um (adj.). 

Five, quinque (num. adj. indecl.). 

Flank, latus, lateris (n.). 

Flee, fugio, 3, fugl, fugiturus. 

Flight, fuga, -ae (f.) ; — put to, fugo, 
I ; be in —, fugio, 3, fugl, fugi- 
turus. 

Follow, sequor, 3, secutus sum. 

Follows, as, sic (adv.). 

Follower, see camp. 

Foot, pes, pedis (m.). 

Foot soldier, pedes, peditis (m.). 

For, nam (conj.) ; meaning on behalf 
of, pro, with abl. ; meaning to, ad, 
with accusative ; in expressions of 
duration of time is omitted ; for 
battle, ad pugnandum; in dative 
of service is expressed by dative; 
after nouns having a transitive sense 
is expressed by genitive. 

Forced march, magnum iter, magni 
itineris (n.). 

Forces, copiae, -arum(f.), plural noun. 

Ford, vadum, -i (n.). 

Forefathers, maiores, maiorum (m.), 
plural noun. 

Forest, silva, -ae (f.). 

Forget, be forgetful of, obliviscor, 3, 
oblitus sum. 

Fo7-mer, pristinus, -a, -um (adj.). 

Fort, castellum, -i (n.). 

Forth, see rush forth. 

Fortification, munitio, munitionis 
(f.); work on the—, opus, operis 
(n.). 

34 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



Fortified, munitus, -a, -um (adj.). 

Fortify, munio, 4. 

Fortune, fortuna, -ae (f.) ; res, rei (f.). 

Free, to set, libero, 1. 

Freedom, libertas, libertatis (f.). 

Freely, libere (adv.). 

Friendship, amicitia, -ae (f.). 

Frightened, be, vereor, 2, veritus sum, 

with substantive purpose clause. 
From, ab or ex (prep, with ablative) ; 

after verbs of hindering, see 62 and 

77- 

Front, in, a fronte. 

Full speed, at, incitato cursu. 

Further, ulterior, ulterior, ulterius 

(adj.). 
Fury, furor, furoris (m.). 



Gain possession of, potior, 4, potltus 
sum, with ablative. 

Gallic, Gallicus, -a, -um (adj.). 

Gate, porta, -ae (f.). 

Gather together, confero, conferre, 
contuli, conlatus. 

Gaul, Gallia, -ae (f.). 

Gaul, Gallus, -1 (m.). 

General, dux, ducis (m.), imperator, 
imperatoris (m.). 

German, Germanus, -a, -um (adj.). 

Germany, Germania, -ae (f.). 

Get possession of, potior, 4, potitus 
sum, with ablative. 

Get together, confero, conferre, con- 
tuli, conlatus. 

Give, do, dare, dedi, datus ; — back, 
remitto, 3, remisi, remissus; — 
up, trado, 3, tradidi, traditus. 

Go, ed, ire, ii, itum ; proficiscor, 3, 
profectus sum ; — into, ineo, in- 
Ire, inii, initus ; — across, transeo. 

I 



God, deus, -i (m.). 

Good, bonus, -a, -um (adj.). 

Govern, administro, 1. 

Govermnents, new, nova imperia (n.), 
novae res (f.) (plural). 

Grain, f rumen turn, -i (n.). 

Grant, do, dare, dedi, datus. 

Great, magnus, -a, -um (adj.) ; — 
amount of magnus numerus, with 
genitive ; so — , tantus, -a, -um 
(adj.); how — , quantus -a, -um 
(adj.). 

Ground, hold one^s, COnsisto, 3, COn- 
stiti, . 

Guard, to, servo, I. 

Guard, a, praesidium, -1 (n.). 

Guilty, noxius, -a, -um (adj.). 



Haeduan, Haeduus, -a, -um (adj.). 
Haedui, Haedui, -orum (m.). 
Hand, manus, -us (f.). 
Hand over to, trado, 3, tradidi, 

traditus. 
Happens, it, accidit, 3, accidit, , 

impersonal followed by ut with sub- 
junctive. 
Harbor, portus, -us (m.). 
Hard pressed, be, passive of premo, 3, 

pressi, pressus. 
Hasten, contendo, 3, contend!, con- 

tentus, with ad and accusative. 
Have, habeo, 2; — charge of prae- 

sum,praeesse,praefui,with dative ; 

— possession of, potior, 4, potitus 

sum. 
He, she, it, plural they, is, ea, id (dem. 

pron. ) ; in oblique cases in reference 

to the subject, sui, sibi; se, se. 
Headlong, praeceps, praecipitis 

(adj.). 

35 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



Hear, audio, 4, followed by indirect 
discourse. 

Hedge, saepes, -is (f.). 

Help, auxilium, -i (n.). 

Help, to, adiuvo, 1, adiuvi, adiutus. 

Here, hie (adv.). 

Hid, see lie. 

Higher, superior, -ior, -ius (adj.) ; al- 
tior, -ior, -ius (adj.). 

Hill, collis, collis (m.). 

Himself, herself, itself, ipsa, ipse, ip- 
sum (pron. adj.); in reference to 
subject in oblique cases, sui, etc. 

Hinder, impedio, 4, deterreo, 2. 

His, hers, its, his own (in reference to 
subject), suus, -a, -um; (in refer- 
ence to someone or something else), 
eius (sing.), of him, of her, of it ; 
his men, sui, suorum (m.). 

Hold, teneo, 2, tenui, tentus ; habeo, 
2, habui, habitus ; — one \? ground, 
to, consisto, 3, constiti, ad. 

Hold out, to, sustineo, 2, sustinui, sus- 
tentus ; meaning extend, pando, 3, 
pandi, passus. 

Home u 6.omviS, -us (f.). 

Hope, a, spes, spei (f.). 

Hope, spero, 1, followed by future 
infinitive of indirect discourse. 

Horse, equus, -l (m.) ; meaning horse- 
men, equites, -um (m.). 

Horseman, eques, equitis (m.). 

Host, multitudo, multitudinis (f.). 

Hostage, obses, obsidis (c). 

Hour, hora, -ae (f.). 

How? quam? 

However, autem, postpositive adverb. 

How great? quantus, -a, -um? (adj.). 

How many? quot? (indecl. adj.). 

How powerful? quantus. -a, -um? 
(adj.). 



Hundred, centum (indecl. num. adj.) ; 
six — , sescenti, -ae, -a (num. adj.). 



/, eg5, mei, plural n5s. 

Iccius, Iccius, -1 (m.). 

If, si (conj.). 

Immediately, extempld (adv.). 

Immense, such an, tantus, -a, -um 
(adj.). 

In, in (prep, with ablative) ; is omitted 
in expressions of time. 

In order that, in order to, ut with the 
subjunctive. 

Inasmuch as, quoniam (conj.). 

Inch, digitus, -1 (m.). 

Increase, augeo, 2, auxi, auctus. 

Influence, auctoritas, auctorita- 
tis (f.). 

Inform, to, certiorem facio, 3, feci, 
factus, followed by indirect dis- 
course. 

In order that, ut, negative, ne, fol- 
lowed by subjunctive of purpose. 

In the rear of, post (prep, with accu- 
sative). 

Intend, in animo habeo, 2. 

Interest, be of, interest, interesse, 
interfuit, followed by infinitive, see 
32, note 3. 

Interior of, interior, -ior, -ius 
(adj.). 

Into, in (prep, with accusative) ; break 
— , see break. 

Island, insula, -ae (f.). 

//, id, eius (n.). 

Italy, Italia, -ae (f.). 

Its, in reference to subject, suus, -a, 
-um ; in reference to something else, 
eius, of it. 



136 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



Join, coniungo, 3, coniunxi, con- 
iunctus. 

Journey, iter facio, 3, feci, factus. 

Joy, laetitia, -ae (f.). 

Joy Jul, laetus, -a, -urn (adj.). 

Joyjully, render by laetus in agree- 
ment with the subject. 

Just like, consimilis, -is, -e (adj.). 

K 

Keep, habeo, 2; teneo, 2, tenui, 
tentus ; — , when used with within 
in the sense of restrain, contineo, 
2, continui, contentus, with reflex- 
ive pronoun ; — apart, distineo, 2, 
distinui, distentus ; — from, pro- 
hibeo, 2, followed by infinitive ; — 
on, render by the imperfect. 

Kill, occido, 3, occidi, occlsus. 

Knoiu, cognosco, 3, cognovi, cog- 
nitus, followed by indirect dis- 
course. 



Labienus, Labienus, -1 (m.). 

Land, terra, -ae (f.). 

Lastly, denique (adv.). 

Latter, hie, haec, hoc (dem. pron.). 

Laugh, laugh at, inrideo, 2, inrisi, in- 
risus, with dative. 

Law, lex, legis (f.). 

Lay waste, vasto, I. 

Lead, duco, 3, duxi, ductus ; — back, 
reduco, 3, reduxi, reductus ; — on, 
impello, 3, impuli, impulsus ; — 
out, educo, 3, eduxi, eductus ; — 
together, conduco, 3, conduxi, con- 
ductus. 

Leader, dux, ducis (m.). 

Leadership, see under. 



Leave, relinqu5, 3, reliqui, relictus. 
Lejt, sinister, sinistra, sinistrum 

(adj.). 
Legion, legio, legi5nis (f.). 
Length, at,- denique (adv.). 
Lest, ne, with subjunctive of purpose. 
Let, introduces the hortatory subjunc- 
tive, is not translated. 
Levy, conscribo, 3, conscripsi, con- 

scriptus. 
Liberal promises, make, liberaliter 

polliceor, 2, pollicitus sum. 
Liberty, libertas, libertatis (f.). 

Lie hid, lateo, 2, latui, . 

Lieutenant, legatus, -i (m.). 

Light marching order, expedltus, -a, 

-um (adj.). 
Like, similis, -is, -e (adj.). 
Like, just, consimilis, -is, -e (adj.). 
Line, line oj battle, acies, aciei (f.). 
Line oj march, agmen, agminis (n.). 
Listen, listen to, audio, 4. 
Little, parvus, -a -um (adj.). 
Little too Jar, paulo longius. 
Little while, a, paulisper (adv.). 
Live, in sense of dwell, incolo, 3, in- 

colui, incultus. 
Look back, respicio, 3, respexi, 

respectus. 
Long, longus, -a, -um. 
Long time, Jor a, Jor a long while, see 

under time; as long as, quoad. 
Long time ago, a, antiquitus (adv.). 
Longer, any longer, longius (adv.). 

M 

Magistracy, magistratus, -us (m.). 

Make, facio, 3, feci, factus ; — liberal 
promises, see liberal; — trial oj, 
periclitor, I ; — make tributary, see 

tributary ; — use oj, see use ; — 



137 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



war, bellum infero, inf erre, intuli, 
inlatus, with dative. 

Man, homo, hominis (c); vir, viri 
(m.). 

Maniple, manipulus, -l (m.). 

Many, multi, -ae, -a (adj.). 

Many? how, quot? pron. (indecl. adj.). 

March, iter, itineris (n.); line of—, 
agmen, inis (n.) ; forced — , mag- 
num iter, magni itineris (n.); 
order of — , ordo agminis. 

March, to, iter facio, 3, feci, factus ; 
— out or away, proficiscor, 3, pro- 
fectus. 

Marching order, in light, expedltus, 
-a, -urn (adj.). 

Marsh, aestuarium, -i (n.). 

Massacre, a, caedes, caedis (f.). 

Massacre, to, caedo, 3, cecidi, caesus. 

Matter in a critical state, see critical. 

Menapii, Menapii, -orum (m.). 

Merchant, mercator, mercatoris (m.). 

Message, nuntius, -i (m.). 

Messenger, nuntius, -i (m.). 

Middle of, medius, -a, -um (adj.). 

Mile, milia (n.) passuum (plural). 

Military science, res militaris (f.). 

Mind, animus, -1 (m.) ; mens, men- 
tis (f.). 

Mindful of, memor, memoris (adj.). 

More, magis (adv.). 

More than, magis quam. 

Moreover, autem (postpositive ad- 
verb). 

Morini, Morini, -orum (m.). 

Most, render by the superlative. 

Mound, agger, aggeris (m.). 

Move, moveo, 2, movi, motus. 

Much, multum (adv.); multo (adv.). 

Much, multus, -a, -um (adj.). 

Much, so, tantus, -a, -um (adj.). 

I 



Multitude, multitudo, multitudinis 

(f.). 
My, meus, -a, -um (poss. pron.). 

N 
Nation, natio, nationis (f.). 
Nature, natura, -ae (f.). 
Naval, navalis, -is, -e (adj.). 
Navigation, navigatio, navigations 

(f.). 
Near, prope (prep, with accusative) ; 

ad (prep, with accusative). 
Nearest, proximus, -a, -um (adj.). 
Nearest to, finitimus, -a, -um (adj.), 

with dative. 
Necessary, be, necesse est, esse, fuit. 
Need, you — not fear, translate by "be 

unwilling to fear," noli vererl. 
Neighbors, finitiml, -orum (m.). 
Nervii, Nervii, -orum (m.). 
A T ever, nunquam (adv.). 
Nevertheless, tamen (adv.). 
New, novus, -a, -um (adj.). 
Neiv governments, nova imperia (n.), 

or novae res (f.), plural. 
News, nuntius, -i (m.). 
Next day, postridie eius diei. 
Night, nox, noctis (f.). 
Nine, novem (indecl. num. adj.). 
Noise, tumultus, -us (n.). 
None, no, nullus, -a, -um (adj.). 
No one, not one, nemo, neminis (c.) 

(never use genitive neminis or 

ablative nemine, but use instead 

nullius, nullo). 
Not, no, non; with hortatory subjunc- 
tive, ne ; not yet, nondum. 
Not only . . . but also, non solum, 

. . . sed etiam. 
Nothing, nihil (indecl. n.). 
Noviodunum, Noviodiinum, -1 (n.). 

38 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



Now, nunc; iam (adv.). 
Number, numerus, -L 



Obey, be obedient to, pare5, 2, with 

dative. 
Obtain, pario, 3, peperi, partus; im- 

petro, 1, of a request ; — possession 

of, potior, 4, with ablative. 
Ocean, oceanus, -1 (m.). 
Ok that! would that! utinam (adv.). 
On, in expressions of time render by 

the ablative; in expressions of place. 

by in and the ablative. 
On account of, propter (prep, with 

accusative or use ablative of cause). 
On the other side of, trans (prep, with 

accusative). 
On this side of, CIS (prep, with accusa- 
tive). 
Once, at, without delay, sine mora. 
One, unus, -a, -urn (num. adj.). 
One at a time, singull, -ae, -a, plural 

adjective. 
Only, solum (adv.) ; modo (adv.) ; not 

only . . . but also, non solum . . . 

sed etiam. 
Open up, laxo, 1. 
Operation, opus, Operis (n.) . 
Or, aut (conj.); an (conj.). 
Order, mandatum, -1 (n.) ; in — that, 

see in. 
Order, iubeo, 2, iussi, iussus, with 

infinitive ; impero, 1, with ut and 

subjunctive and dative of person. 
Order, in light marching, expedltus, 

-a, -um (adj.). 
Order of march, agmen, agminis 

(n.). 
Other, alius, -a, -um (adj.) ; on the — 

side of, trans (prep, with accusative) ; 



other, in the sense of the rest, reli- 

qui, -ae, -a. 
Ought, oportet, ere, oportuit, followed 

by infinitive, or render by the ge- 
rundive. 
Our, noster, nostra, nostrum (poss. 

pron. ) ; — soldiers, nostrl, -orum 

(m.). 
Our own accord, ultro (adv.). 
Ourselves, nos ipsi, nos ipsae. 
Outnumber, numero supero, 1. 
Out of, ex (prep, with ablative). 
Out of breath, exanimatus, -a, -um 

(adj.). 
Overcome, super5, 1. 
Overthrow, adfligo, 3, adflixi, ad- 

flictus. 
Overwhehn, opprimo, 3, oppress!, 

oppressus. 

P 

Pacify, paCO, I. 

Pardon, venia, -ae (f.). 

Pardon, to, ignosco, 3, igndvl, ignd- 

tus, with dative. 
Part, pars, partis (f.). 
Peace, pax, pacis (f.). 
People, populus, -i (m.). 
Perceive, sentio, 4, sensi, sensus, 

followed by indirect discourse; 

meaning to see, intelligo, 3, intel- 

lexi, intellectus. 
Permit, sino, 3, sivi, situs, followed 

by ut with subjunctive of purpose. 
Persecute, exagitS, 1. 
Persuade, persuadeo, 2, persuasi, 

persuasus, with dative and ut with 

subjunctive of purpose. 
Pitch camp, castra pond, 3, posui, 

positus. 
Place, locus, -l (m.) ; plural, loca, 

-orum (n.). 



139 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



Place, to, pono, 3, posui, positus. 

Plan, consilium, -1 (n.). 

Plead for, verba facio, 3, feci, f actus, 

and pro, with ablative. 
Please, placeo, 2, usually used im- 
personally. 
Plunder, praedor, 1. 
Point, at that, eo loco; on the — of, 

render by the periphrastic conjuga- 
tion, see 194. 
Position, locus, -1 (m.) ; plural, loca, 

-orum (n.); statio, stationis. 
Possessions, themselves and all their, se 

suaque omnia. 
Possession of, take, potior, 4, potltus 

sum, with ablative. 
Possible, be, potest, posse, potuit. 
Post, statio, stationis (f.). 
Post, pono, 3, posui, positus. 
Power, imperium, -i (n.);- supreme 

— , summa (ae [f.]) imperi. 
Powerful, potens, potentis (adj.), 

with genitive ; how — , quantus, -a, 

-um? (adj.). 
Praise, laudo, 1. 
Prefer, maid, malle, malui, with 

infinitive, or ut with subjunctive. 
Prepare, paro, 1. 

Prepared, paratus, -a, -um (adj.). 
Presence, praesentia, -ae (f.). 
Present, be, adsum, adesse, adfui, 

adfuturus ; if he were present, eo 

praesente (abl. absolute). 
Preserve, conservo, I. 
Preside, preside over, praesum, prae- 

esse, praefui, with dative. 
Press hard, premo, 3, pressi, pressus. 
Pretend, simulo, 1. 
Prevent, prohibe5, 2, with infinitive ; 

impedio, 4, with ne and subjunctive ; 

negative with quin and subjunctive. 

I 



Prince, princeps, principis (m.). 

Proconsul, proconsul, proconsulis 
(m.). 

Pro?nise, polliceor, 2, pollicitus sum, 
followed by future infinitive of indi- 
rect discourse; make liberal prom- 
ises, see liberal. 

Property, bona, -orum (n.), plural 
noun. 

Protect, tueor, 2, tutus sum. 

Province, provincia, -ae (f.). 

Purpose, with the — of, eo COnsilio 
with ut and the subjunctive; or ad 
with the gerundive. 

Pursue, prosequor, 3,prosecutus sum. 

Put to flight, fugo, 1. 



Question, quaestio, quaestionis. 
Quickly, celeriter (adv.). 



R 

Raise, tollo, 3, sustuli, sublatus ; 

propono, 3, proposui, propositus 

(of a standard). 
Rapid, celer, celeris, celere (adj.). 
Rather, potius (adv.). 
Rather . . . than, potius . . . quam. 
Reach, advenio, 4, veni, ventus, or 

pervenio, perveni, perventus. 
Ready, be, paratus esse. 
Ready, paratus, -a, -um (adj.). 
Rear of, in the, post (prep, with 

accusative). 
Rear, the, novissimum agmen (n.). 
Rebel, deficio, 3, defecl, defectus. 
Receive, accipio, 3, accepi, acceptus; 

recipio, 3, recepi, receptus. 
Recklessly, temere (adv.). 
Redoubt, castellum, -1 (n.). 
Reduce, redigo, 3, redegi, redactus. 

40 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



Reinforcement, subsidium, -l (n.). 

Regard to them, with, in eos. 

Regular, certus, -a, -urn (adj.). 

Relations, consanguine!, -orum (m.). 

Remain, permaneo, 2, permansi, 
permansus; it remains, reliquum 
est, fuit. 

Remaining, reliquus, -a, -urn. 

Remember , meminl, meminisse, defec- 
tive verb used only in perfect tenses. 

Remi, Remi. -orum (m.), plural noun. 

Repel, repello, 3, reppuli, repulsus. 

Reply, responsum, -i (m. ). 

*Reply, to, respondeo, 2, respond!, re- 
sponsus. 

Report, rumor, riimoris (m.). 

Report, to, nuntio, 1 ; certiorem facio, 
3, feci, factus, followed by indi- 
rect discourse. 

Repulse, repello, 3, reppuli, repulsus. 

Reputation, opinio, opinionis (f.). 

Rescue, eripio, 3, eripul, ereptus. 

Reserve, subsidium, -i (n.). 

Resist, resisto, 3, restitl, , with 

dative. 

Resort to, se recipio, 3, recepi, 
receptus. 

Resource, Ops, opis (f.). 

Rest, otium, -I (n.). 

Rest, rest of, reliquus, -a, -um (adj.). 

Result, eventus, -us (m.). 

Return, reditus, reditus (m.). 

Return, to, redeo, 4, redil, reditus. 

Revolt, defectio, defectionis (f.). 

Revolt, to, deficio, 3, defeci, defectus. 

Rhine, Rhenus, -I (m.). 

Right, rectus, -a, -um. 

River, flumen, -inis (n.). 

Roman, Romanus, -a, -um (adj.). 

Rome, Roma, -ae (f.). 

Rule, to, rego, 3, rexi, rectus. 



Ruler, imperator, imperatoris (m.). 

Run, curro, 3, cucurri, cursus; — 
back, recurro, 3, recucurr! ; — down, 
decurro, 3, decucurrl, decursus ; — 
out, excurro, 3, excucurr!, excursus; 
— to arms, ad anna, concurro, 3, 
concucurri, concursus. 

Running, cursus, -us (m.). 

Rush, concurro, 3, concucurri, con- 
cursus ; — forth, provolo, I. 



Sabis, the, Sabis, -is (m.). 

Safe, be, conservor, 1. 

Safety, saliis, salutis (f.) ; in — , tuto 
(adv.). 

Sagacity, consilium, -1 (n.). 

Sail, navigo, 1. 

Sailor, nauta, -ae (m.). 

Sally, excursio, excursionis (f.). 

Same, idem, eadem, idem (dem. adj. 
pron.). 

Save, servo, 1. 

Say, dico, 3, dixl, dictus, followed by 
indirect discourse. 

Science, see military. 

Scout, explorator, exploratoris (m.). 

Search, pet5, 3, petivl, petitus. 

See, video, 2, vidi, visus, usually fol- 
lowed by indirect discourse. 

Seek, peto, 3, petivi, petitus. 

Seem, seem best, videor, 2, visus sum, 
followed by indirect discourse. 

Seize, capio, 3, cepi, captus. 

Sell, vendo, 3, vendidi, venditus. 

Senate, senatus, senatus (m.). 

Send, mitto, 3, misi, missus ; — 
ahead, praemitt5, 3, praemisi, prae- 
missus ; — back, remitto, remisi, 
remissus ; — for, arcesso, 3, arces- 
sivi, arcessitus. 

141 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



Senones, Senones, -um (m.). 

Separate, singuli, -ae, -a, plural adjec- 
tive. 

Separately, singillatim (adv.). 

Serve as a, translate by dative of ser- 
vice with the verb sum. 

Service, meritum, -l (n.). 

Set out, proficiscor, 3, profectus sum. 

Setting out, profectio, profectionis 

(f.). 
Set upon, paratus ad. 
Seventh, Septimus, -a, -um (num. adj.). 
Seventy, septuaginta (indecl. num. 

adj.). 
Several, singuli, -ae, -a; nonnulli, 

-ae, -a, plural adjectives. 
Severity, severitas, severitatis (f.). 
Shed, vinea -ae, (f.). 
Shield, scutum, -1 (n.). 
Ship, navis, navis (f.). 
Short, brevis, brevis, breve (adj.). 
Show, ostend5, 3, ostendi, ostentus, 

followed by indirect discourse. 
Side, pars, partis (f.) ; on that — , ea 

parte; on this — , cis (prep, with 

accusative) ; on the other — , trans 

(prep, with accusative). 
Siege engine, Opus, operis (n.). 
Sight, visus, visiis (m.). 
Signal, signum, -1 (n.). 
Since, cum, with subjunctive. 
Situated, positus, -a, -um (adj.). 
Six, sex (indecl. num. adj.). 
Six hundred, sescenti, -ae, -a (num. 

adj.), plural. 
Size, magnitudo, magnitudinis (f.). 
Skillful, peritus, -a, -um (adj.). 
Slavery, servitus, servitutis (f.). 
Slay, occldd, 3, occidi, occisus. 
Slinger, funditor, funditoris (m.). 
Slowly, tarde (adv.). 



Small, parvus, -a, -um (adj.). 

So, ita (adv.) ; sic (adv.), tarn; — 
great, tantus, -a, -um (adj.); — 
z?zz/^,tantus,-a,-um (adj.) ; — that, 
ut with subjunctive. 

Soldier, miles, militis (m.). 

Some, nonnullus, -a, -um, aliquis, 
aliqua, aliquid (adj.) ; some trouble, 
quicquam negoti ; there are — who, 
sunt qui, with subjunctive of char- 
acteristic ; — ... others, alii . . . 
alii. 

Soon, statim (adv.); mox (adv.). 

Sort, what — of, see what. 

Space of three days, triduum, -i (n.). 

Spare, parco, 3, peperci, parsurus. 

Speak, dico, 3, dixi, dictus. 

Speech, oratio, orationis (f.). 

Speed, celeritas, celeritatis (f.). 

Speed, at full, incitat5 cursu. 

Stand, sto, stare, steti, status; 
take one^s — , consistd, 3, constiti, 
(ad). 

Standard, vexillum, -i (n.). 

State, civitas, civitatis (f.); matter 
in a critical — , see critical. 

Still, tamen (adv.) ; — braver, f ortior, 
-or, -ius (adj.). 

Storm, take by storm, see take. 

Strength, vis, vis (f.), plural vires, 
virium. 

Strike camp, castra moveo, 2, movi, 
motus. 

Strong, fortis, fortis, forte (adj.). 

Struggle, pugna, -ae (f.). 

Subdue, vinco, 3, vici, victus. 

Such, see so great ; — a,n immense, 
see immense. 

Sudden, subitus, -a, -um (adj.). 

Suddenly, subito (adv.). 

Sue for, oro, I. 



142 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



Suessiones, Suessiones, -urn (m.). 
Suevi, Suevi, -orum (m.). 
Suited, idoneus, -a, -urn (adj.). 
Summon, arcesso, 3, arcessivi, arces- 

situs. 
Supplies, copiae, -arum ^(f.), plural 

noun. 
Supreme power, summa (-ae [f.]) 

imperi. 
Surprise, to take someone by surprise, 

imprudenter . . . adgredior, 3, 

adgressus sum. 
Surrender, deditio, deditionis (f.). 
Surrender, to, dedo, 3, dedidi, dedi- 

tus (refl.). 
Surrendered, dediticius, -a, -urn. 
Surround, circumvenio, 4, circum- 
vent, circumventus. 
Swamp, palus, paludis (f.). 
Swiftness, celeritas, celeritatis (f.). 
Sword, gladius, -1 (m.). 



Take, capio, 3, cepi, captus ; — away, 
spolio, 1 ; — by sto?-?n, expugno, 1 ; 
— one's stand, consisto, 3, constiti, 

; — possession of, potior, 4, 

potitus sum, with ablative. 

Taller, grandior, -or, -us (adj.). 

Teach, doceo, docul, doctus. 

Tell, dico, 3, dixi, dictus, followed by 
indirect discourse ; narro, 1. 

Ten, decern (indecl. num. adj.). 

Tencteri, Tencteri, -orum (m.). 

Tenth, decimus, -a, -um (num. 
adj.). 

Term, condicio, condicionis (f.) . 

Terrify, perterreo, 2. 

Terrified, perterritus, -a, -um (adj.). 

Territories, fines, -um (m.), plural 
noun. 



Terror, terror, terroris (m.). 

Than, quam. 

That, ille, -a, -ud, is, ea, id (dem. 
adj. pron.) ; but — , quin, with sub- 
junctive ; in order that, ut ; so that, 
ut; would — , utinam (adv.). 

Their, their ozvn (with reference to 
the subject), suus, -a, -um; other- 
wise, eorum, of them. 

Themselves, ipsl, ipsae, ipsa (pron. 
plural) ; in oblique cases when re- 
ferring to the subject sul, sibi, se, se. 

Then, turn (adv.). 

There, ibl (adv.). 

Therefore, erg5 (adv.) ; itaque (adv.). 

Thereupon, inde (adv.). 

They, el, eae, ea (plural dem. pron.). 

Thing, res, rel (f.); easy — , n5n 
quicquam negoti; a thing which, 
id quod. 

Think, puto, I. 

This, hie, haec, hoc (dem. pron.). 

Though, etsi, with construction of 
protasis ; cum, with subjunctive ; 
quamquam, with indicative. 

Thousand, mille, singular (indecl. 
num. adj.) ; milia, milium (n.), 
plural. 

Three, tres, tria (num. adj.); space 
of three days, see space. 

Throtigh, per (prep, with accusa- 
tive). 

Throw back, reicio, 3, reieci, reiectus. 

Throw up, build up, exstruo, 3, 
exstruxi, exstructus. 

Thus, sic, ita (adv.). 

Time, tempus, temporis (n.) ; one at 
a — , see one ; for a long — , diu ; 
long — ago, antiquitus. 

Titurius, Titurius, -i (m.). 

To, ad (prep, with accusative). 

43 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



Together with, una cum (prep, with 
ablative) ; bring — , see under 
bring, collect, gather, get, crowded. 

Too far, paulo longius (adv.). 

Top of, summus, -a, -um (adj.) 

Towards, ad (prep, with accusative). 

Toiver, turris, turris (f.). 

Town, oppidum, -I (n.). 

Towns7nan, oppidanus, -I (c). 

Train, exercito, I. 

Transport, traduco, 3, traduxi, tra- 
ductus, with two accusatives. 

Treachery, proditio, proditionis (f.). 

Treveri, Treveri, -orum (m.). 

Trial of, make, periclitor, 1. 

Tribe, gens, gentis (f.). 

Tributary to, ?nake, vectigales habere. 

Trick, insidiae, -arum (f.), plural 
noun. 

Troops, copiae, -arum (f.), plural 
noun. 

Trouble, some, quicquam negdti. 

Trumpet, tuba, -ae (f. ) . 

Try, conor, 1, takes infinitive. 

Turn, converto, 3, convert!, con- 
versus. 

Twenty, viginti (indecl. num. adj.). 

Two, duo, -ae, -0 (num. adj.). 

U 

Unable, impotens, impotentis (adj.) ; 
be — , non possum, non posse, 
non potui, with complementary 
infinitive. 

Uncertain, incertus, -a, -um (adj.). 

Under . . . leadership, translated by- 
ablative absolute . . . duce. 

Unequaled, singularis, -is, -e. 

Unexpected, improvisus, -a, -um 
(adj.). 

Unfavorable, iniquus, -a, -um (adj.). 



Unless, nisi (conj.). 

Unprepared, imparatus, -a, -um 
(adj.). 

Until, dum; donee; quoad; with 
subjunctive. 

Unwilling, be, nolo, nolle, nolul, 
with infinitive, or ut, with sub- 
junctive. 

Unwillingly, translate by invitus, -a, 
-um, in agreement with the subject. 

Up, see draw, bring, send. 

Upon, against, contra (prep, with 
accusative) ; in (prep, with accusa- 
tive) ; come — , see come. 

Uproar, strepitus, -us (m.). 

Use, usus, usus (m.). 

Use, to make — of, utor, 3, usus sum, 
with ablative. 

Usipetes, Usipetes, -um (m.). 

Usual clemency, courage, etc., trans- 
late by possessive pronoun, e.g. his 
usual clemency, sua dementia. 



Vain, in, frustra. 

Valor, virtus, virtutis (f.). 

Van of the baggage, prima impedi- 
menta (n.), plural. 

Veneti, Veneti, -orum (m.). 

Victor, victor, victor is (m.). 

Victory, victoria, -ae (f.). 

Viezv, prospectus, -us (m.). 

Village, vicus, -I (m.). 

Viromandui, the, Viromandul, -orum 
(m.). 

W 

Wait for, exspecto, I. 

Wall, miirus, -i (m.). 

Wander about, vagor, I. 

Want, wish, void, velle, volui, with 
infinitive, or ut, with subjunctive; 



144 



A FIRST LATIN WRITER 



( = be in need of), egeo, 2, egui, 

with genitive. 
War, bellum, -1 (n. ) ; make — , bellum 

infer 0, inferre, intuli, inlatus, with 

dative; engines of — , see engine. 
Waste, see lay waste. 
Water, aqua, -ae (f.). 
We, nos, nostrum (c). 
Weakest, infirmissimus, -a, -um 

(adj.). 
Weapon, telum, -1 (n.). 
What sort of? qualis, -is, -e? (adj.). 
When, ubi, with indicative; cum, 

with subjunctive or indicative. 
Where, ubi; where? qua? 
Whether? utrum? (adv.). 
While, dum, with present indicative. 
While, for a little, paulisper (adv.). 
While, for a long, iamdiu (adv.); 

iamdudum (adv.). 
Whither? quo? (adv.). 
Who, which, what, qui, quae, quod 

(rel. pron.). 
Who? which? what? quis? quae? 

quid? or quod? (interrog. pron.). 
Whole, totus, -a, -um (adj.). 
Why? quid? (adv.). 
Wife, coniunx, coniugis (f.). 
Win, vinco, 3, vici, victus. 
Wine, vinum, -i (n.). 
Wing of an army, cornii, cornii (n.) c 
Wipe out, deleo, 2, delevi, deletus. 
Wisely, sapienter (adv.). 



Wish, to, volo, velle, volui, , with 

infinitive, or ut, with subjunctive. 

With, cum (prep, with ablative) ; 
— the purpose of, see purpose. 

Withdraiv, recipio, 3, recepi, re- 
ceptus, with reflexive. 

Within, intra (prep, with accusa- 
tive); in expressions of time is 
expressed by the ablative without a 
preposition. 

Without, sine (prep, with ablative). 

With regard to them, in eos. 

Withstand, sustineo, 2, sustinui, 
sustentus ; resisto, 3, restiti, with 
dative. 

Wo7nan, mulier, mulieris (f.). 

Woods, silva, -ae (f.). 

Work, zvork on the fortifications, 
opus, operis (n.). 

World, orbis terrarum. 

Wotdd that ! utinam ! (adv.). 

Wound, vulnus, vulneris (n.). 



Year, annus, -i (m.). 

Yet, not, nondum. 

Yield, cedo, 3, cessi, cessurus. 

You, tu, tui, plural vos, vestrum (a). 

Your, referring to one person, tuus, 
-a, -um, to more than one, vester, 
vestra, vestrum (poss. pron.). 

Yourselves a?id all your belongings, 
vos vestraque omnia. 



FIRST LATIN WRITER— -IO 



145 



Lane's Latin Grammars 



LANE'S LATIN GRAMMAR $1.50 

For Use in Schools and Colleges. By George M. Lane, 
Ph.D., LL.D., Late Professor Emeritus in Harvard University. 
In many respects this is the most thorough, philosophical, and com- 
plete Latin Grammar ever published in this country, representing, as it 
does, the crowning work and ripest conclusions of one of the most 
eminent teachers of the language. The work has the distinction, rarely 
accorded to a text-book, of being regarded both as a literary and as a 
scientific event. Its preparation engaged the author, during the intervals 
of teaching at Harvard University, for nearly thirty years. After his 
death the work was taken up and completed by his colleague, Dr. Morris 
H. Morgan, of Harvard University. Some of the distinguishing 
features and merits of the book are comprehensiveness and accuracy in 
detail, precision of definition and statement, combined with a remark- 
ably clear arrangement and singular aptness of illustration. The sup- 
plementary aids are an important feature. These include a chapter on 
Versification written by Dr. Herman W. Hayley, a former pupil of 
Professor Lane, and brief expositions of such important subjects as 
Rules of Quantity and Figures of Prosody, Occasional Peculiarities of 
Verbs, Indirect Discourse, Use of Pronouns and Numerals. The book 
contains also a complete Index of Subjects and an Index of Latin 
Words with references. 

LANE AND MORGAN'S SCHOOL LATIN GRAMMAR . . $1.00 
Prepared by Morris H. Morgan, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of 
Classical Philology in Harvard University. 

This book is intended for the use of students of Latin during their 
course in secondary schools. It is based on " Lane's Latin Grammar 
for Schools and Colleges," and furnished abundant material for careful 
training in Latin pronunciation, for the study of leading principles under 
which Latin words are formed, for thorough drill in inflections, and for 
acquiring a good working knowledge of the most important principles of 
Latin syntax and composition. The arrangement of the material is clear 
and logical with cross-references to the to the larger grammar. 



Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price* 

American Book Company 

New York ♦ Cincinnati ♦ Chicago 

(238) 



Latin Literature of the Empire 

Selected and Edited with Revised Textsand Brief Introductions 

By ALFRED GUDEMAN, Ph.D. 
Associate Professor of Classical Philology, University of Pennsylvania 

In Two Volumes. Cloth, 12mo. Per Volume, $1.80 

Vol. I — Prose. Selections from Velleius, Curtius, Seneca Rhetor, 
Justinus (Trogus Pompeius), Seneca, Petronius, including Cena 
Trimalchionis, Pliny the Elder, Quintilian, Tacitus, Pliny the 
Younger, Suetonius, Minucius Felix Octavius, Apuleius — Ammianus 
Marcellinus, and Boethius. 

Vol. II — Poetry. Pseudo Vergiliana, Aetna, Manilius, Calpurnius, 
Nemesianus, Phaedrus, Lucan, Valerius Flaccus, Seneca, the 
Octavia (anonymous), Persius, Statius, Silius Italicus, Martial, 
Juvenal, Pervigilium Veneris, Ausonius, and Claudianus. 



The works of Latin Literature of the post-Augustan 
period have hitherto, with a few notable exceptions, been 
virtually excluded from the classical curricula of colleges 
and universities. 

The present collection has been made primarily for the 
use of students in higher classes in colleges. The selec- 
tions will be found useful as collateral reading in con- 
nection with lectures on classical literature, and will also 
furnish suitable material for sight reading. 

The selections themselves contain nothing that is not 
eminently worthy of perusal. They are in every case 
sufficiently extensive to give a continuous and coherent 
story, which at the same time exhibits the author at his 
best. The text follows the best modern editions, the 
deviations from the standard texts being briefly recorded 
in critical appendices. 



Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price, 

American Book Company 

New York ♦ Cincinnati ♦ Chicago 

(26c) 



Latin Dictionaries 



HARPER'S LATIN DICTIONARY 

Founded on the translation of " Freund's Latin-German Lexicon." 
Edited by E. A. Andrews, LL.D. Revised, Enlarged, and in great 
part Rewritten by Charlton T. Lewis, Ph.D., and Charles 
Short, LL.D. 
Royal Octavo, 2030 pages . Sheep, $6.50; Full Russia, $10.00 

The translation of Dr. Freund's great Latin-German Lexicon, 
edited by the late Dr. E. A. Andrews, and published in 1850, has been 
from that time in extensive and satisfactory use throughout England and 
America. Meanwhile great advances have been made in the science on 
which lexicography depends. The present work embodies the latest 
advances in philological study and research, and is in every respect the 
most complete and satisfactory Latin Dictionary published. 

LEWIS'S LATIN DICTIONARY FOR SCHOOLS 
By Charlton T. Lewis, Ph.D. 
Large Octavo, 1200 pages . Cloth, $4 50 ; Half Leather, $5.00 

This dictionary is not an abridgment, but an entirely new and inde- 
pendent work, designed to include all of the student's needs, after 
acquiring the elements of grammar, for the interpretation of the Latin 
authors commonly read in school. 

LEWIS'S ELEMENTARY LATIN DICTIONARY 
By Charlton T. Lewis, Ph.D. 
Crown Octavo, 952 pages. Half Leather .... $2.00 

This work is sufficiently full to meet the needs of students in 
secondary or preparatory schools, and also in the first and second years' 
work in colleges. 

SMITH'S ENGLISH-LATIN DICTIONARY 

A Complete and Critical English-Latin Dictionary. By William 
Smith, LL.D., and Theophilus D. Hall, M.A., Fellow of Uni- 
versity College, London. With a Dictionary of Proper Names. 
Royal Octavo, 765 pages. Sheep $4.00 



Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price. 

American Book Company 

New York ♦ Cincinnati ♦ Chicago 

(278) 



MORRIS & MORGAN'S LATIN SERIES 

HORACE'S ODES, EPODES 
and CARMEN SAECULARE 

EDITED, WITH INTRODUCTION AND COMMENTARY, 

BY CLIFFORD HERSCHEL MOORE, 

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF LATIN AND GREEK, HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 

Cloth, i2mo, 465 pp. Price, $1.50. Text edition. Price, 40 cents. 

T^HIS edition of Horace's lyrical poems has been 
prepared for the needs of freshmen and sopho- 
mores. The introduction is intended to give the 
necessary information as to the poet's life and writ- 
ings. The text is the vulgate, although in some 
passages the better manuscript edition has been pre- 
ferred.. Inasmuch as young students require no little 
help if they are to understand as well as translate the 
Odes and Epodes, the editor has not limited his com- 
mentary to the baldest aids, but has tried to give 
such assistance in interpretation as may help students 
to some appreciation of Horace's art and charm. 
The relation of the poet to his Greek models is 
shown by frequent quotations. To all the more 
difficult Greek passages translations have been ap- 
pended. A number of quotations from the later 
Latin writers are also given to indicate in some 
degree the ready acceptance which Horace's phrases 
found among his successors. 

For list of the entire series and descriptive catalogue of text-books 
in the Ancient Languages, write to the Publishers, 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 

NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO 

BOSTON ATLANTA DALLAS SAN FRANCISCO 

(271) 



Greek Dictionaries 



LIDDELL AND SCOTT'S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON 

Revised and Enlarged. Compiled by Henry George Liddell, 
D.D., and Robert Scott, D.D., assisted by Henry Drisler, 
LL.D. Large Quarto, 1794 pages. Sheep . . . $10.00 
The present edition of this great work has been thoroughly revised, 

and large additions made to it. The editors have been favored with the 

co-operation of many scholars and several important articles have been 

entirely rewritten. 

LIDDELL AND SCOTT'S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON— Intermediate 

Revised Edition. Large Octavo, 910 pages. 

Cloth, $3.50; Half Leather, $4.00 

This 'Abridgment is an entirely new work, designed to meet the 
ordinary requirements of instructors. It differs from the smaller 
abridged edition in that it is made from the last edition of the large 
Lexicon, and contains a large amount of new matter. 

LIDDELL AND SCOTT'S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON— Abridged 

Revised Edition. Crown Octavo, 832 pages. Half Leather $1.25 
This Abridgment is intended chiefly for use by students in Secondary 

and College Preparatory Schools. 

THAYER'S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON OF THE NEW TESTAMENT 

m Being Grimm's Wilke's Clavis Novi Testamenti. Translated, 
Revised, and Enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer, D.D., LL.D. 
Royal Quarto, 727 pages . Cloth, $5.00 ; Half Leather, $6.50 
This great work embodies and represents the results of the latest 
researches in modern philology and biblical exegesis. It traces histori- 
cally the signification and use of all words used in the New Testament, 
and carefully explains the difference between classical and sacred usage. 

YONGE'S ENGLISH-GREEK LEXICON 

By C. D. Yonge. Edited by Henry Drisler, LL.D. 

Royal Octavo, 903 pages. Sheep $4.50 

AUTENRIETH'S HOMERIC DICTIONARY 

Translated and Edited by Robert P. Keep, Ph.D. New Edition. 

Revised by Isaac Flagg, Ph.D. 

i2mo, 312 pages. Illustrated. Cloth • . . $1.10 



Copies sent y prepaid^ to any address on receipt of the price. 

American Book Company 

New York ♦ Cincinnati * Chicago 

(3 1 ©) 



Classical Dictionaries 



HARPER'S DICTIONARY OF CLASSICAL LITERATURE AND 

ANTIQUITIES 

Edited by H. T. Peck, Ph.D., Professor of the Latin Language 

and Literature in Columbia University. 

Royal Octavo, 1716 pages. Illustrated. 
One Vol. Cloth . . $6.00 Two Vols. Cloth . . $7.00 
One Vol. Half Leather . 8.00 Two Vols. Half Leather . 10.00 

An encyclopaedia, giving the student, in a concise and intelligible 
form, the essential facts of classical antiquity. It also indicates the 
sources whence a fuller and more critical knowledge of these subjects 
can best be obtained. The articles, which are arranged alphabetically, 
include subjects in biography, mythology, geography, history, literature, 
antiquities, language, and bibliography. The illustrations are, for the 
most part, reproductions of ancient objects. The editor in preparing 
the book has received the co-operation and active assistance of the most 
eminent American and foreign scholars. 

SMITH'S DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES 

Edited by William Smith, Ph.D. Revised by Charles 
Anthon, LL.D. Octavo, 1 133 pages. Illustrated. Sheep $4.25 
Carefully revised, giving the results of the latest researches in the 
history, philology, and antiquities of the ancients. In the work of 
revision, the American editor has had the assistance of the most dis- 
tinguished scholars and scientists. 

STUDENTS' CLASSICAL DICTIONARY 

A Dictionary of Biography, Mythology, and Geography. Abridged. 

By William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D. 

i2mo, 438 pages. Cloth . . . . . . . $1.25 

Designed for those schools and students who are excluded from the 
use of the larger Classical Dictionary, both by its size and its price. All 
names have been inserted which one would be likely to meet with at the 
beginning of classical study. 



Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price* 

American Book Company 

New York ♦ Cincinnati * Chicago 

(3"> 



REVISED EDITION 

VIRGIL'S AENEID 

With an Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary by HENRY S. FRIEZE, 
late Professor of Latin in the University of Michigan. Revised by 
WALTER DENNISON, Professor of Latin in the University of 
Michigan. 

First Six Books .... $1.30 Complete $1.50 

Complete Text Edition $0.50 

This Work differs in many respects from the former edition. Such 
changes and alterations have been introduced as are necessary to 
make the book conform to modern demands, and many important addi- 
tions have also been made. 

The Introduction has been enlarged by the addition of sections 
on the life and writings of Virgil, the plan of the Aeneid, the meter, 
manuscripts, editions, and helpful books of reference. 

The Text has been corrected to conform to the readings that have 
become established, and the spellings are in accord with the evidence of 
inscriptions of the first century A.D. To meet the need of early 
assistance in reading the verse metrically, the long vowels in the first two 
books are fully indicated. 

The Notes have been thoroughly revised and largely added to. The 
old grammar references are corrected and new ones (to Harkness's 
Complete, Lane & Morgan's, and Bennett's Grammars) added. The 
literary appreciation of the poet is increased by parallel quotations 
from English literature. The irregularities of scansion in each book 
are also given with sufficient explanations. 

The Vocabulary has been made as simple as possible and includes 
only those words occurring in the Aeneid. The parts of compound 
words are not indicated separately when they appear unmodified in 
the compound form. The principal parts of verbs are given which are 
understood to be in actual use. 

The Illustrations for the most part are new and fresh, and have 
been selected with great care with a view to assisting directly in the 
interpretation of the text. There are also maps showing the wan- 
derings of Aeneas, the vicinity of Cumae, and pre-historic Rome, 
and a full-page facsimile of one of the best manuscripts of Virgil, the 
Codex Palatinus. 

American Book Company, Publishers 

(256) 



Introduction to the Study of 
Latin Inscriptions 

By JAMES C. EGBERT, Jr., Ph.D. 
Adjunct Professor of Latin, Columbia University 

Half Morocco, large 12mo, 468 pages. With numerous illustrations and 
exact reproductions of inscriptions .... Price, $3 50 



This work is designed as a text-book for the use of 
students in Universities and Colleges, and also to furnish 
an account of this branch of archaeological study for 
general readers. It has been prepared in the belief that 
a knowledge of epigraphy forms an essential part of the 
equipment of a teacher of the classics, and that the sub- 
ject itself has become so important as to justify its intro- 
duction, in elementary form at least, into the curriculum 
of undergraduate studies. 

A distinctive feature of the book is the number and 
character of its illustrations, — there being over seven 
hundred cuts and diagrams of inscriptions, for the pur- 
pose of illustrating the text, and for practice in reading. 
Of these, over one hundred are photographic repro- 
ductions, showing the forms of the letters and the 
arrangement of the inscriptions. The work is also sup- 
plied with an exhaustive bibliography and valuable tables 
of abbreviations, archaisms, etc. 



Copies of Egbert & Latin Inscriptions will be sent, prepaid, to any address 
on receipt of the price by the Publishers : 

American Book Company 

New York ♦ Cincinnati ♦ Chicago 

(266) 



A Grammar of Attic and 
Ionic Greek 

By FRANK COLE BABBITT, Ph.D. (Harvard) 

Professor of the Greek Language and Literature, Trinity College, Hartford ; 
formerly Fellow of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 

PRICE, $1.50 

THIS grammar states the essential facts and principles of the Greek 
language in concise form, with only so much discussion as may 
reasonably be demanded for a clear understanding of the subject. 
It therefore meets the wants of secondary schools and at the same time 
is sufficient for all ordinary demands of the college course. 

A Modern Grammar. — The book incorporates the results of 
the more recent philological studies, and includes many departures 
from conventional presentation. Due regard is paid to the fact that 
analogy plays an important part in language, and that the context is 
often more important than grammatical rules in determining the exact 
significance of mode or tense. 

Treatment of Cases. — The treatment of cases is thoroughly log- 
ical and clear. The true genitive and the ablative genitive are dis- 
tinguished from each other and considered separately ; likewise the 
true dative, the locative dative, and the instrumental dative. In this 
way much confusion is avoided. 

Rules of Agreement. — The general rules of agreement are first 
given in a preliminary paragraph and are then followed by a general 
statement regarding attraction and construct™ ad sensum, and its appli- 
cation to substantives, adjectives, verbs, etc. 

Treatment of Modes. — The general significance of each mode is 
summarized briefly at the beginning, with its uses grouped and treated 
under the head of statements, questions, wishes, commands, etc. The 
various forms of statement are taken up and contrasted, thus allowing 
the student to perceive at a glance their similarities and differences. 

Classes of Verbs. — While every portion of grammar has been 
simplified as much as possible, the notice of teachers is directed 
especially to the fact that the verbs have been reduced to five classes. 
In spite of this, however, nothing has been sacrificed in the process. 

Indirect Discourse. — The subject of indirect discourse is put at 
the end of syntax, and the principles have been fully stated in their 
proper places. The general principles are clearly enunciated, followed 
by the details with numerous examples. 

Syntactical Usage. — Tables of syntactical usage for reference are 
included to make it possible for the pupil to perceive the normal 
usage at a glance. 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY, Publishers. 

(284) 



GREEK SERIES FOR COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS 

Edited under the supervision of Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph.D., 
Eliot Professor of Greek Literature in Harvard University. 

BRIEF GREEK SYNTAX 

By LOUIS BEVIER, Jr., Ph.D., 

Professor of the Greek Language and Literature in Rutgers College. 
Cloth, i2mo 9 1 08 pp. Price, go cents. 

''"phis book contains the essentials of Greek syntax 
A formulated as simply and clearly as possible, 
and though intended principally for use in prepara- 
tory schools, it will be found advantageous by fresh- 
men for purposes of review. Its aim is to counteract 
the baleful influences resulting from the too wide use 
of sight reading, and to give the student a clear and 
precise grasp of the fundamental principles of Greek 
syntax. In this way it is hoped that he will be able 
to appreciate more fully the force and beauty of the 
Greek language and the precision and flexibility 01 
the author's style to a greater degree than does the 
average freshman of to-day. All statements of prin- 
ciple are illustrated by examples quoted in their 
actual form, and while, for obvious reasons, the quota- 
tions are drawn chiefly from the Anabasis, a few have 
been taken from Homer, from the Cyropaedia and 
other writings of Xenophon, and from prose writers 
in general. It need scarcely be said that the book is 
not intended to take the place of the more extensive 
grammars already in use. 

For illustrated descriptive catalogue of text-books in 
the Ancient Languages, write to 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 

NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO 



SYNTAX OF 
CLASSICAL GREEK 

FROM HOMER TO DEMOSTHENES 
Part i. The Syntax of the Simple Sentence, $1.50 

BY 

BASIL LANNEAU GILDERSLEEVE 

WITH THE COOPERATION OF 

CHARLES WILLIAM EMIL MILLER 

of the Johns Hopkins University 



GILDERSLEEVE'S Syntax of Classical Greek is a 
Syntax of Style from one point of view, and from 
another an Historical Syntax of Greek Literature. 
This unique feature of the work is due to the fact that, in 
the first place, the collection of examples it contains is in 
the truest sense of the word representative of all the various 
departments of the literature, and in the second place, special 
attention has been given in the text itself to historical 
evolution. 

In the presentation, ease of consultation has everywhere 
been aimed at, hence only a single topic has been treated in 
each section, and examples illustrating different categories 
have not been mixed. The special point treated in each 
section is briefly indicated by small capitals. Then follows 
the author's statement in regard to the particular construc- 
tion involved. The standard use under each head is in most 
cases illustrated by a translation. Thereupon follow the ex- 
amples, which are added for purposes of minuter study. 

The utmost care has been exercised in the verification of 
the passages, and the exact text has been studiously main- 
tained. An attempt has been made to preserve also the 
exact setting of the passage, as it were, by uniformly mark- 
ing every omission, even the slightest ; while everywhere 
the critical warrant for the readings given has been kept in 



AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 



Lessons in Physical Geography 

By CHARLES R. DRYER, M.A., F.G.S.A. 
Professor of Geography in the Indiana State Normal School 



Half leather, 12mo. Illustrated. 430 pages. . . . Price, $1.20 



EASY AS WELL AS FULL AND ACCURATE 

One of the chief merits of this text-book is that it is simpler than 
any other complete and accurate treatise on the subject now before the 
public. The treatment, although specially adapted for the high school 
course, is easily within the comprehension of pupils in the upper grade 
of the grammar school. 

TREATMENT BY TYPE FORMS 

The physical features of the earth are grouped according to their 
causal relations and their functions. The characteristics of each group 
are presented by means of a typical example which is described in unusual 
detail, so that the pupil has a relatively minute knowledge of the type form. 

INDUCTIVE GENERALIZATIONS 

Only after the detailed discussion of a type form has given the pupil 
a clear and vivid concept of that form are explanations and general prin- 
ciples introduced. Generalizations developed thus inductively rest upon 
an adequate foundation in the mind of the pupil, and hence cannot 
appear to him mere formulae of words, as is too often the case. 

REALISTIC EXERCISES 

Throughout the book are many realistic exercises which include both 
field and laboratory work. In the field, the student is taught to observe 
those physiographic forces which may be acting, even on a small scale, 
in his own immediate vicinity. Appendices (with illustrations) give full 
instructions as to laboratory material and appliances for observation and 
for teaching. 

SPECIAL ATTENTION TO SUBJECTS OF HUMAN INTEREST 

While due prominence is given to recent developments in the study, 
this does not exclude any link in the chain which connects the face of the 
earth with man. The chapters upon life contain a fuller and more 
adequate treatment of the controls exerted by geographical conditions 
upon plants, animals, and man than has been given in any other similar 
book. 

MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS 

The book is profusely illustrated by more than 350 maps, diagrams, 
and reproductions of photographs, but illustrations have been used only 
where they afford real aid in the elucidation of the text. 



Copies sent, prepaid, on receipt of price % 

American Book Company 

New York ♦ Cincinnati ♦ Chicago 

(112) 



THE GOVERNMENT 

WHAT IT IS; WHAT IT DOES 

By SALTER STORRS CLARK 
Price, 75 cents 

THIS text-book, prepared especially for use in high schools, covers 
the whole field of government. It furnishes a unique presentation 
of the subject, treating of the principles of general government 
before considering those of local government. 

What Government Is. The first part, besides giving the purpose 
and plan of the book, tells what government means, who compose the 
government, and what the tools of government are. 

What Government Does. The second part gives a simple 
treatise on the functions of government under its main heads. A 
chapter is added on what government does not do. 

Who Does It. The third part explains the American system of 
central government, and local government by the people. It discusses 
voting; state constitutions; the United States Constitution; the relations 
of nation, state, county, township, and city to each other; with a sketch 
of the whole world in its relation to free government. 

Government Officials. The fourth part takes up the principal 
officials of township, county, city, state, and nation; and, besides explain- 
ing their many duties, gives a brief statement of their necessary 
qualifications and salaries. 

Government in Action. The fifth part describes certain practical 
operations of government; and includes chapters on the political issues 
of the day and political corruption. 

A Little Law. The sixth part contains a short summary of the 
principles of international law and of business and property law. 

The Appendix. At the end of the book is a list of the chief 
nations of the world, arranged under their different forms of govern- 
ment; a table of the legislatures of these countries, showing their com- 
position; condensed descriptions of the methods of government of the 
most important countries; a table showing the subjects over which 
Congress and the state legislatures respectively have jurisdiction; the 
text of the United States Constitution; and an abstract of a state 
constitution. 

Unusual Features. On almost every phase of the subject, 
comparison is made between the United States and the rest of the world, 
in this way giving an outline of every kind of government and of the 
political condition of the entire world. The subject of government is 
presented as a science, a complete and sensible system of interdependent 
parts, defined limits, and a single object — the good of the people, rather 
than a haphazard record of powers and happenings.- The book also 
measures and emphasizes the comparative importance of the different 
governmental functions. Its method of treatment is well suited to 
encourage independent thought and personal research. This appears 
not only in the Supplementary Work at the end of each chapter, but also 
in the problems of government suggested at intervals. Maps and 
diagrams are used, besides suggestive illustrations, to reenforce the text. 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY, Publishers 

(18s) 



A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF HIGH 
SCHOOL AND COLLEGE TEXT-BOOKS 

\ A /E issue a complete descriptive catalogue of our 
* * text-books for secondary schools and higher 
institutions, illustrated with authors' portraits. 

For the convenience of teachers, separate sections 
are published, devoted to the newest and best books 
in the following branches of study: 

ENGLISH 

MATHEMATICS 

HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE 

SCIENCE 

MODERN LANGUAGES 

ANCIENT LANGUAGES 

PHILOSOPHY AND EDUCATION 

If you are interested in any of these branches, we 
shall be very glad to send you on request the cata- 
logue sections which you may wish to see. Address 
the nearest office of the Company. 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 

Publishers of School and College Text-Books 
NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO 

Boston Atlanta Dallas San Francisco 

(312) 



IVIAY 6 1904 



